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Basic English Grammar

www.rameshprasadkoirala.com.np

Essential for

All level Students

"In the vast landscape of language, grammar serves as our compass, guiding us through the intricate paths of communication. This book is your trusted companion, offering clear explanations, practical examples, and invaluable insights into the mechanics of English grammar. Let's embark on this journey together, where every page illuminates the artistry and precision of language construction."

Table of Contents

Tense

Tense refers to the time frame in which an action or event occurs.

Present Tense:

1. Simple Present Tense:

· Used to describe actions that are habitual, general truths, or facts.

· Subject + base form of the verb (V¹/ V⁵)+ Object

· Example: She walks to school every day.

2. Present Continuous Tense:

· Used to describe actions that are happening now or around the present time.

· Subject + am/is/are + present participle(V⁴) +Object

· Example: They are eating dinner right now.

3. Present Perfect Tense:

· Used to describe actions that happened at an unspecified time before now or actions that have relevance to the present moment.

· Subject + have/has + past participle (V³) + Object

· Example: I have finished my homework.

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

· Used to describe actions that started in the past and continue up to the present.

· Subject + have/has been + present participle(V⁴) +Object

· Example: I have been studying. They have been waiting.

Past Tense:

1. Simple Past Tense:

· Used to describe actions that happened in the past.

· Subject + past tense of the verb( V²)+ Object

· Example: She visited her grandparents last weekend.

2. Past Continuous Tense:

· Used to describe actions that were ongoing at a specific time in the past.

· Subject + was/were + present participle( V⁴ ) + Object

· Example: They were playing soccer when it started to rain.

3. Past Perfect Tense:

· Used to describe actions that happened before another action in the past.

· Subject + had + past participle(V³) + Object

· Example: When I arrived, they had already eaten dinner.

4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense:

· Used to describe actions that were ongoing before another action in the past.

· Subject + had been + present participle( V⁴ ) + Object

· Example: She had been waiting for over an hour when the bus finally arrived.

Future Tense:

1. Simple Future Tense:

· Used to describe actions that will happen in the future.

· Subject + will/shall + base form of the verb (V¹) + Object

· Example: We will go to the beach tomorrow.

2. Future Continuous Tense:

· Used to describe actions that will be ongoing at a specific time in the future.

· Subject + will/shall + be + present participle(V⁴) + Object

· Example: At 8 PM tomorrow, I shall be studying for my exam.

3. Future Perfect Tense:

· Used to describe actions that will be completed before a certain time in the future.

· Subject + will/shall + have + past participle(V³) + Object

· Example: By this time next year, I will have graduated from university.

4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense:

· Used to describe actions that will have been ongoing for a period of time before a certain time in the future.

· Subject + will/shall + have been + present participle(V4) + Object

· Example: By the time you arrive, I will have been waiting for two hours.

Different Form of Verbs:

V¹ V² V³ V⁴ V⁵

Ask, Asked, Asked, Asking, Asks

Arrive, Arrived, Arrived, Arriving, Arrives

Accept, Accepted, Accepted, Accepting, Accepts

Act, Acted, Acted, Acting, Acts

Achieve, Achieved, Achieved, Achieving, Achieves

Bake, Baked, Baked, Baking, Bakes

Buy, Bought, Bought, Buying, Buys

Break, Broke, Broken, Breaking, Breaks

Build, Built, Built, Building, Builds

Bring, Brought, Brought, Bringing, Brings

Call, Called, Called, Calling, Calls

Cook, Cooked, Cooked, Cooking, Cooks

Choose, Chose, Chosen, Choosing, Chooses

Climb, Climbed, Climbed, Climbing, Climbs

Cry, Cried, Cried, Crying, Cries

Dance, Danced, Danced, Dancing, Dances

Drive, Drove, Driven, Driving, Drives

Drink, Drank, Drunk, Drinking, Drinks

Draw, Drew, Drawn, Drawing, Draws

Do, Did, Done, Doing, Does

Eat, Ate, Eaten, Eating, Eats

Enjoy, Enjoyed, Enjoyed, Enjoying, Enjoys

Examine, Examined, Examined, Examining, Examines

Earn, Earned, Earned, Earning, Earns

Edit, Edited, Edited, Editing, Edits

Fly, Flew, Flown, Flying, Flies

Feel, Felt, Felt, Feeling, Feels

Find, Found, Found, Finding, Finds

Finish, Finished, Finished, Finishing, Finishes

Fix, Fixed, Fixed, Fixing, Fixes

Go, Went, Gone, Going, Goes

Give, Gave, Given, Giving, Gives

Grow, Grew, Grown, Growing, Grows

Get, Got, Got/Gotten, Getting, Gets

Guess, Guessed, Guessed, Guessing, Guesses

Have, Had, Had, Having, Has

Hear, Heard, Heard, Hearing, Hears

Help, Helped, Helped, Helping, Helps

Hold, Held, Held, Holding, Holds

Hurt, Hurt, Hurt, Hurting, Hurts

Invite, Invited, Invited, Inviting, Invites

Ignore, Ignored, Ignored, Ignoring, Ignores

Inspire, Inspired, Inspired, Inspiring, Inspires

Improve, Improved, Improved, Improving, Improves

Invest, Invested, Invested, Investing, Invests

Jump, Jumped, Jumped, Jumping, Jumps

Join, Joined, Joined, Joining, Joins

Joke, Joked, Joked, Joking, Jokes

Judge, Judged, Judged, Judging, Judges

Justify, Justified, Justified, Justifying, Justifies

Keep, Kept, Kept, Keeping, Keeps

Know, Knew, Known, Knowing, Knows

Kick, Kicked, Kicked, Kicking, Kicks

Kiss, Kissed, Kissed, Kissing, Kisses

Kill, Killed, Killed, Killing, Kills

Learn, Learned/Learnt, Learned/Learnt , Learning, Learns

Laugh, Laughed, Laughed, Laughing, Laughs

Live, Lived, Lived, Living, Lives

Love, Loved, Loved, Loving, Loves

Lie, Lay, Lain, Lying, Lies

Make, Made, Made, Making, Makes

Meet, Met, Met, Meeting, Meets

Move, Moved, Moved, Moving, Moves

Manage, Managed, Managed, Managing, Manages

Mention, Mentioned, Mentioned, Mentioning, Mentions

Need, Needed, Needed, Needing, Needs

Notice, Noticed, Noticed, Noticing, Notices

Name, Named, Named, Naming, Names

Neglect, Neglected, Neglected, Neglecting, Neglects

Navigate, Navigated, Navigated, Navigating, Navigates

Open, Opened, Opened, Opening, Opens

Organize, Organized, Organized, Organizing, Organizes

Offer, Offered, Offered, Offering, Offers

Operate, Operated, Operated, Operating, Operates

Observe, Observed, Observed, Observing, Observes

Play, Played, Played, Playing, Plays

Paint, Painted, Painted, Painting, Paints

Perform, Performed, Performed, Performing, Performs

Participate, Participated, Participated, Participating, Participates

Push, Pushed, Pushed, Pushing, Pushes

Question, Questioned, Questioned, Questioning, Questions

Quit, Quit, Quit, Quitting, Quits

Qualify, Qualified, Qualified, Qualifying, Qualifies

Quote, Quoted, Quoted, Quoting, Quotes

Query, Queried, Queried, Querying, Queries

Read, Read Read, Reading, Reads

Run, Ran, Run, Running, Runs

Ride, Rode, Ridden, Riding, Rides

Reach, Reached, Reached, Reaching, Reaches

Remember, Remembered, Remembered, Remembering, Remembers

Say, Said, Said, Saying, Says

Sing, Sang, Sung, Singing, Sings

See, Saw, Seen, Seeing, Sees

Stand, Stood, Stood, Standing, Stands

Study, Studied, Studied, Studying, Studies

Talk, Talked, Talked, Talking, Talks

Take, Took, Taken, Taking, Takes

Teach, Taught, Taught, Teaching, Teaches

Think, Thought, Thought, Thinking, Thinks

Travel, Traveled, Traveled, Traveling, Travels

Use, Used, Used, Using, Uses

Understand, Understood, Understood, Understanding, Understands

Utilize, Utilized, Utilized, Utilizing, Utilizes

Unite, United, United, Uniting, Unites

Upgrade, Upgraded, Upgraded, Upgrading, Upgrades

Visit, Visited, Visited, Visiting, Visits

Value, Valued, Valued, Valuing, Values

Vote, Voted, Voted, Voting, Votes

Venture, Ventured, Ventured, Venturing, Ventures

Verify, Verified, Verified, Verifying, Verifies

Write, Wrote, Written, Writing, Writes

Wait, Waited, Waited, Waiting, Waits

Work, Work Worked, Working, Works

Wash, Washed, Washed, Washing, Washes

Want, Wanted, Wanted, Wanting, Wants

Yield, Yielded, Yielded, Yielding, Yields

Yell, Yelled, Yelled, Yelling, Yells

Yearn, Yearned, Yearned, Yearning, Yearns

Yawn, Yawned, Yawned, Yawning, Yawns

Yield, Yielded, Yielded, Yielding, Yields

Zoom, Zoomed, Zoomed, Zooming, Zooms

Zest, Zested, Zested, Zesting, Zests

Zigzag, Zigzagged, Zigzagged, Zigzagging, Zigzags

Zonk, Zonked, Zonked, Zonking, Zonks

Zero, Zeroed, Zeroed, Zeroing, Zeros

Exercises

Write All Form of Tense from given Questions:

Example: "I (eat) mangoes":

1. Simple Present: 2. Present Continuous:

- I eat mangoes. - I am eating mangoes.

3. Present Perfect: 4. Present Perfect Continuous:

- I have eaten mangoes. - I have been eating mangoes.

5. Simple Past: 6. Past Continuous:

- I ate mangoes. - I was eating mangoes.

7. Past Perfect: 8. Past Perfect Continuous:

- I had eaten mangoes. - I had been eating mangoes.

9. Simple Future: 10. Future Continuous:

- I Shall eat mangoes. - I Shall be eating mangoes.

11. Future Perfect: 12. Future Perfect Continuous:

- I Shall have eaten mangoes. - I Shall have been eating mangoes.

1. The sun [rise] in the east.

2. She [sing] beautifully.

3. They [play] soccer every weekend.

4. He [drink] coffee in the morning.

5. Cats [chase] mice for fun.

6. We [study] English grammar.

7. The birds [chirp] in the morning.

8. He [work] as a teacher.

9. She [swim] in the pool every day.

10. Dogs [bark] at strangers.

11. It [rain] heavily in the monsoon season.

12. He always [arrive] late for meetings.

13. She [cook] dinner for her family.

14. The train [depart] at 7 o'clock.

15. They (speak) French fluently.

16. The baby [cry] when hungry.

17. I [write] poems in my free time.

18. The river [flow] gently.

19. She [teach] mathematics at the university.

20. He [read] novels before bedtime.

21. We [listen] to music on the weekends.

22. The clock [tick] loudly.

23. They [practice] yoga for relaxation.

24. The flowers [bloom] in spring.

25. She [love] to dance at parties.

26. He [watch] movies on Netflix.

27. The cat [sleep] on the windowsill.

28. We [eat] lunch at noon.

29. They [ride] bicycles to school.

30. He [wear] glasses for reading.

31. The dog [chase] its tail.

32. She [clean] her room every Sunday.

33. It [snow] heavily in winter.

34. The children [laugh] and [play] together.

35. He [tell] jokes to make people laugh.

36. She [study] hard for her exams.

37. We [visit] our grandparents on holidays.

38. The computer [process] data quickly.

39. They [plant] trees in the garden.

40. He [exercise] at the gym every morning.

41. She [paint] beautiful landscapes.

42. The clock [strike] twelve.

43. We [celebrate] birthdays with cake and balloons.

44. The cat [purr] when petted.

45. He [fix] broken appliances.

46. She [help] her friends with homework.

47. They [argue] about politics.

48. The sun [set] in the west.

49. He [search] for his lost keys.

50. She [dance] in the rain.

51. We [learn] new things every day.

52. The dog [bark] at strangers.

53. It [snow] heavily in the mountains.

54. He [practice] the guitar every evening.

55. She [take] photographs of nature.

56. They [swim] in the ocean.

57. The bird [sing] a beautiful song.

58. He [juggle] oranges for entertainment.

59. She [sew] clothes for her family.

60. We [climb] mountains on weekends.

61. The train [stop] at every station.

62. They [play] chess in the park.

63. He [bake] delicious cakes.

64. She [listen] to music while jogging.

65. It [rain] cats and dogs during the storm.

66. The river [flow] calmly.

67. We [laugh] at funny jokes.

68. They [enjoy] hiking in the forest.

69. He [fix] cars for a living.

70. She [clean] the house every day.

71. It [snow] lightly in the evening.

72. The children [play] with toys in the yard.

73. He [teach] English to foreign students.

74. She [read] books in her free time.

75. We [ride] bicycles in the park.

76. The cat [scratch] the furniture.

77. They [watch] TV shows on weekends.

78. He [eat] breakfast at 8 am.

79. She [speak] five languages fluently.

80. It [rain] occasionally during the summer.

81. The dog [wag] its tail when happy.

82. We [exercise] at the gym to stay fit.

83. They [paint] the walls of the house.

84. He [sing] in the choir at church.

85. She [cook] dinner for her family every night.

86. It [snow] heavily in the countryside.

87. The children [laugh] and [play] together in the playground.

88. We [celebrate] Thanksgiving with a big feast.

89. They [ride] bicycles to school every day.

90. He [wear] glasses for reading books.

91. She [clean] the windows every week.

92. It [rain] heavily in the tropical rainforest.

93. The dog [bark] loudly at strangers.

94. We [listen] to music while driving.

95. They [play] soccer in the park.

96. He [study] hard to pass his exams.

97. She [teach] dance classes at the community center.

98. It [snow] lightly in the early morning.

99. The bird [sing] a sweet melody.

100. We [dance] at weddings to celebrate.

Reported Speech

Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, is used to convey what someone else has said without quoting them directly.

1. Change in Persons:

Person	Subjective Case	Objective Case	Possessive		Self-Form
First	I	Me	My	Mine	Myself
First	We	Us	Our	Ours	Ourselves
Second	You	You	Your	Yours	Yourself, Yourselves
Third	He	Her	Her	Hers	Herself
	She	Him	Him	Him	Himself
	It	It	It	Its	Itself
	They	Them	Their	Theirs	Themselves

2. Changes in Verb Tense:

In reported speech, the tense of the verb often shifts to reflect the change in time between the original statement and the reporting of that statement.

- Present Simple ( V¹/V⁵) ➡Past Simple ( V²)

- Direct speech: "I love chocolate," she said.

- Reported speech: She said that she loved chocolate.

- Present Continuous (Is/am/are + V⁴)➡Past Continuous (Was/ were+V⁴)

- Direct speech: "I am working on a project," he said.

- Reported speech: He said that he was working on a project.

- Present Perfect ( Has/Have+ V³)➡ Past Perfect (Had + V³)

- Direct speech: "I have finished my homework," she said.

- Reported speech: She said that she had finished her homework.

- Past Simple ( V²) ➡Past Perfect( Had + V³)

- Direct speech: "I went to the store," he said.

- Reported speech: He said that he had gone to the store.

- Past Continuous (Was/ were + V⁴)➡Past Perfect Continuous (Had been+V⁴)

- Direct speech: "I was studying all night," she said.

- Reported speech: She said that she had been studying all night.

- Future Simple (Shall/Will + V¹)➡ Conditional (would + base form of the verb)

- Direct speech: "I will come tomorrow," he said.

- Reported speech: He said that he would come the next day.

3. Changes in Adverb:

Direct speech Reported speech

ago before

come go

hence thence

here there

just then

next the following day

now then

these those

this that

thus so

today that day

tonight that night

tomorrow the following day/ the next day

yesterday the day before/ the previous day

4. Changes in Reporting and Joining Words:

Reported Speech

Reporting Word

Joining Word

Statement

say/ says

say to

says to

said

said to

say / says

tell

tells

said

told

that

Yes/No Question

say to

says to

said to

ask/enquire/question

asks/enquires/questions

asked/enquired/questioned

if /

whether

Wh-Question

say to

says to

said to

ask/enquire/question

asks/enquires/questions

asked/enquired/questioned

wh-words

Command

say to

says to

said to

tell/order/command

tells/orders/commands

told/ordered/commanded

to/

not to

Exclamation

say to

says to

said to

ask/ exclaim

asks/ exclaims

asked/ exclaimed

that/

wh- word

Request

say to

says to

said to

ask/ request

asks/ requests

asked/ requested

to/

not to

Optative

say to

says to

said to

wish/bless/curse

wishes/blesses/curses

wished/blessed/cursed

that

Some Examples of different types of sentences:

1. Universal Truth ( No Change):

a. She said to me," The sun rises from the east."

= She told me that the sun rises from the east.

b. Akriti said, "The water freezes at 100⁰C".

= Akriti said that the water freezes at 100⁰C.

c. Pratyush said to her, "Time heals all wounds."

= Pratyush told that time heals all wounds."

d. Muskan said, "Prevention is better than cure."

= Muskan said that prevention is better than cure.

e. He said to me, "We are mortal."

= He told me that we are mortal.

1. Conditional Sentences:

Exercises:

A. Change these sentences into indirect speech.

1. She said, "I am going to the market."

2. He said, "I have finished my homework."

3. They said, "We will visit you next week."

4. She said, "I want to learn Spanish."

5. He said, "I saw a shooting star last night."

6. They said, "We have booked our tickets for the concert."

7. She said, "I will call you later."

8. He said, "I am studying for my exams."

9. They said, "We are planning a trip to Europe."

10. She said, "I have never been to Japan."

11. He said, "I can swim."

12. They said, "We are moving to a new apartment."

13. She said, "I love reading books."

14. He said, "I will help you with your project."

15. They said, "We are going to the beach tomorrow."

16. She said, "I need some time to think about it."

17. He said, "I am not feeling well today."

18. They said, "We have decided to adopt a pet."

19. She said, "I have already seen that movie."

20. He said, "I want to buy a new car."

21. They said, "We are going to start a new business."

22. She said, "I can't believe it's already Friday."

23. He said, "I am going to visit my grandparents."

24. They said, "We have signed up for dance classes."

25. She said, "I am meeting my friend for lunch."

26. He said, "I have been practicing the guitar."

27. They said, "We are going to celebrate our anniversary."

28. She said, "I am planning a surprise party for my sister."

29. He said, "I have to finish this report by tomorrow."

30. They said, "We are going to redecorate our house."

31. She said, "I have never tried sushi before."

32. He said, "I am going to propose to my girlfriend."

33. They said, "We have been saving money for a vacation."

34. She said, "I am going to start a new job next month."

35. He said, "I have decided to quit smoking."

36. They said, "We are going to volunteer at the local shelter."

37. She said, "I am going to learn how to cook."

38. He said, "I have been learning how to play chess."

39. They said, "We are going to buy a house in the suburbs."

40. She said, "I am going to donate blood."

41. He said, "I have been practicing meditation."

42. They said, "We are going to host a charity event."

43. She said, "I am going to adopt a healthier lifestyle."

44. He said, "I have been taking online courses."

45. They said, "We are going to start a garden."

46. She said, "I am going to volunteer at the local food bank."

47. He said, "I have been reading a lot of books lately."

48. They said, "We are going to organize a neighborhood clean-up."

49. She said, "I am going to run a marathon."

50. He said, "I have been practicing yoga every morning."

Answer:

1. She said that she was going to the market.

2. He said that he had finished his homework.

3. They said that they would visit us the next week.

4. She said that she wanted to learn Spanish.

5. He said that he had seen a shooting star the previous night.

6. They said that they had booked their tickets for the concert.

7. She said that she would call me later.

8. He said that he was studying for his exams.

9. They said that they were planning a trip to Europe.

10. She said that she had never been to Japan.

11. He said that he could swim.

12. They said that they were moving to a new apartment.

13. She said that she loved reading books.

14. He said that he would help me with my project.

15. They said that they were going to the beach the next day.

16. She said that she needed some time to think about it.

17. He said that he was not feeling well that day.

18. They said that they had decided to adopt a pet.

19. She said that she had already seen that movie.

20. He said that he wanted to buy a new car.

21. They said that they were going to start a new business.

22. She said that she couldn't believe it was already Friday.

23. He said that he was going to visit his grandparents.

24. They said that they had signed up for dance classes.

25. She said that she was meeting her friend for lunch.

26. He said that he had been practicing the guitar.

27. They said that they were going to celebrate their anniversary.

28. She said that she was planning a surprise party for her sister.

29. He said that he had to finish that report by the next day.

30. They said that they were going to redecorate their house.

31. She said that she had never tried sushi before.

32. He said that he was going to propose to his girlfriend.

33. They said that they had been saving money for a vacation.

34. She said that she was going to start a new job the following month.

35. He said that he had decided to quit smoking.

36. They said that they were going to volunteer at the local shelter.

37. She said that she was going to learn how to cook.

38. He said that he had been learning how to play chess.

39. They said that they were going to buy a house in the suburbs.

40. She said that she was going to donate blood.

41. He said that he had been practicing meditation.

42. They said that they were going to host a charity event.

43. She said that she was going to adopt a healthier lifestyle.

44. He said that he had been taking online courses.

45. They said that they were going to start a garden.

46. She said that she was going to volunteer at the local food bank.

47. He said that he had been reading a lot of books lately.

48. They said that they were going to organize a neighborhood clean-up.

49. She said that she was going to run a marathon.

50. He said that he had been practicing yoga every morning.

English Grammar

Present Tense:

Past Tense:

Future Tense:

Exercises

Reported Speech

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