Class Ten English

 

1  Current Affairs and Issues

              How Driverless Cars will Change our World

By Jenny Cusack 30th November, 2021

 

It's a late night in the Metro area of Phoenix, Arizona. Under the artificial glare of street lamps, a car can be seen slowly approaching. Active sensors on the vehicle radiate a low hum. A green and blue 'W' glows from the windscreen, giving off just enough light to see inside - to a completely empty driver seat.

The wheel navigates the curb, parking as an arrival notification pings on the phone of the person waiting for it. When they open the door to climb inside, a voice greets them over the vehicle's sound system. "Good evening, this car is all yours - with no one upfront," it says.

This is a Waymo One robotaxi, hailed just 10 minutes ago using an app. The open use of this service to the public, slowly expanding across the US, is one of the many developments signaling that driverless technology is truly becoming a part of our lives.

The promise of driverless technology has long been enticing. It has the potential to transform our experience of commuting and long journeys, take people out of high-risk working environments and streamline our industries. It's key to helping us build the cities of the future, where our reliance and relationship with cars are redefined - lowering carbon emissions and paving the way for more sustainable ways of living. And it could make our travel safer. The World Health Organization estimates that more than 1.3 million people die each year as a result of road traffic crashes. "We want safer roads and fewer fatalities. Automation ultimately could provide that," says Camilla Fowler, head of automated transport for the UK's Transport Research Laboratory (TRL).

But in order for driverless technology to become mainstream, much still needs to change. "Driverless vehicles should be a very calm and serene way of getting from A to B. But not every human driver around it will be behaving in that way." says David Hynd, chief scientist for safety and investigations at TRL.

"It's got to be able to cope with human drivers speeding, for instance, or breaking the rules of the road. "And that's not the only challenge. There's regulation, rethinking the Highway Code, public perception, improving the infrastructure of our streets, towns, cities, and the big question of ultimate liability for road accidents. "The whole insurance industry is looking into how they're going to deal with that change from a person being responsible and in charge to the vehicle doing that," says Richard Jinks, vice president of commercial at Oxfordshire-based driverless vehicle software company Oxbotica, which has been testing its technology in cars and delivery vehicles at several locations across the UK and Europe.

The ultimate vision experts are working towards is of completely driverless vehicles, both within industry, wider transport networks. and personal-use cars, that can be deployed and used anywhere and everywhere around the world.

But with all these hurdles in place, what exactly does the next 10 years have in store for autonomous vehicles?

 Two years from now

The biggest hurdle for those in the driverless technology industry  is how to get the cars to operate safely and effectively in complex and unpredictable human environments. Cracking this part of the puzzle will be the major focus of the next two years.

At the Mcity Test Facility at the University of Michigan, experts are addressing this. The world's first purpose-built testing ground for autonomous vehicles, it is a mini-town of sorts, made up of 16 acres of road and traffic infrastructure. It includes traffic signals and signs, underpasses, building facades, tree cover, home and garage exterior for testing delivery and ride-hailing, and different terrains such as road, pedestrian walkways, railway tracks, and road-markings which the vehicles must navigate. It is here that experts test scenarios that even the most experienced of drivers may be pressed to handle, from children playing in the street to two cars trying to merge on a junction at the same time.

                                                                                                                   (Source: BBC Future)

Vocabulary

1. Current:       Present, Existing - वर्तमान

2. Affair:         Matter, Event - कार्य

3. Issue:           Problem, Concern - मुद्दा

4. Metro area:  Metropolitan area - महानगर क्षेत्र

5. Artificial:     Synthetic, Man-made - कृत्रिम

6. Glare:          Brightness, Shine - चमक        

7. Radiate:       Emit, Transmit - प्रकाशित हुनु      

8. Hum:           Buzz, Murmur - गुनगुनाहट      

9. Navigates:   Guides, Directs - निर्देश    

10. Curb:         Restrain, Control - कर्ब

11. Notification: Alert, Notice - सूचना  

12. Ping:          Signal, Ping - पिङ्ग       

13. Hail:          Greet, Welcome - स्वागत

14. Enticing:    Attractive, Tempting - आकर्षक

15. Potential:   Capability, Possibility - क्षमता

16. Transform: Change, Convert - परिवर्तन गर्नु   

17. Experience: Encounter, Knowledge - अनुभव   

18. Commuting: Traveling, Journeying - आवागमन

19. Journey:     Trip, Voyage - यात्रा

20. Streamline: Simplify, Rationalize - समायोजन गर्नु  

21. Reliance:   Dependence, Trust - आश्रितता  

22. Emission:   Discharge, Release - उत्सर्जन

23. Sustainable: Eco-friendly, Renewable - समृद्धिशील   

24. Estimate:   Approximation, Guess - अनुमान    

25. Fatalities:   Deaths, Casualties - मृत्यु     

26. Ultimately: Finally, Eventually - अन्ततः

27. Mainstream: Conventional, Typical - मुख्यधारा

28. Serene:      Calm, Tranquil - शान्त    

29. Instance:    Example, Occurrence - उदाहरण

30. Liability:    Responsibility, Obligation - दायित्व

31. Vision:       Sight, View - दृष्टि   

32. Expert:      Specialist, Professional - विशेषज्ञ

33. Deploy:     Utilize, Employ - नियोजन गर्नु

34. Autonomous: Independent, Self-governing - स्वायत्त

35. Hurdle:      Obstacle, Barrier - अडचणी

36. Complex:   Complicated, Intricate - जटिल

37. Unpredictable: Uncertain, Unforeseeable - अनियमित     

38. Puzzle:       Riddle, Enigma - पहेली    

39. Facility:     Amenities, Services - सुविधा   

40. Address:    Tackle, Deal with - संवोधन    

41. Infrastructure: Framework, System - बुनियादी ढाँचा

42. Pedestrian:            Walker, Foot-traveler - पैदल यात्री

43. Navigate:   Guide, Direct - नेभिगेट गर्नु

44. Merge:       Combine, Unite - एकीकरण गर्नु

45. Junction:    Intersection, Crossroad - जंक्सन 

A. The following words have two different meanings. Match each word with the meaning used in the context of the text above.

a. glare             i. an angry or fierce stare

                        ii. an intense blinding light

 

b. curb             i. a stone edging to a pavement or raised path

                        ii. Something that checks or restrains

 

c. hail               i. to call to somebody in order to attract their attention

                        ii. to describe somebody/something as being very good or special

 

d. commute     i. to replace a punishment with a less severe one

                        ii. to travel regularly between work place and home

 

e. serene          i. calm and peaceful

                        ii. an expanse of clear sky or calm sea

 

f. liability         i. a person or thing that causes you a lot of problems

                        ii. the state of being legally responsible for something

           

g. deploy         i. to move soldiers or weapons into a position for an action

                        ii. to use something effectively

 

h. autonomous  i. a vehicle that has the technology to drive itself

                        ii. able to do things and make decisions without help from anyone else

 

i. perception                i. a belief or an image about how you see or understand something

                                    ii. the ability to understand the true nature of something.

 

B. Choose the correct alternatives to complete the sentences below.

a. One of the features of automated cars is that

i. they wait for the passengers.

ii. they approach slowly.

iii. They have their own voice to welcome people into them.

 

b. Driverless technology is being widely used particularly in ......

i. the USA

ii. the UK

iii. the UAE

 

c. The positive impact of such technology on the environment is..........

i. it prevents road accidents.

ii. it paves the way to sustainable life.

iii. it reduces carbon production.  

 

d. One of the problems with driverless technology is that...........

i. it cannot deal with traffic system.

ii. it cannot deal with human drivers.

iii. it cannot cope with other cars.

 

e. One of the biggest challenges of the automated cars is

i. its safety from the human environment

ii. human safety from it

iii. its durability in the human environment

 

f. The automated technology developed so far is........

i. completely trustworthy

ii. partly trustworthy

iii. not trustworthy

 

C. Answer the following questions.

a. Mention any three features of the driverless car. 

Three features of driverless cars are: 

1. Autonomous navigation without a human driver. 

2. Active sensors that monitor the vehicle's surroundings. 

3. Voice system to communicate with passengers.

 

b. Describe the benefits of driverless technology. 

Benefits of driverless technology are as follows: 

1. Improved safety: Reducing human error to lower accident rates. 

2. Efficiency in transportation: Streamlining travel and reducing congestion. 

3. Potential reduction in accidents and fatalities: Making roads safer. 

4. Environmental sustainability: Lowering carbon emissions by optimizing driving patterns. 

5. Optimization of industries: Enhancing productivity and reducing costs in sectors like delivery and logistics.

 

c. What, according to Camilla Fowler, is the special advantage of automated vehicles? 

According to Camilla Fowler, the special advantage of automated vehicles is their potential to provide safer roads and reduce fatalities by minimizing human error.

d. What are the problems with driverless vehicles in David Hynd's views? 

Problems with driverless vehicles in David Hynd's views include challenges in navigating unpredictable human drivers, ensuring safety in complex environments, and addressing regulatory and liability issues.

 

e. What are scientists doing to make driverless technology safer? 

Scientists are enhancing driverless technology safety through testing and simulation in realistic environments, scenario-based assessments at specialized facilities like the Mcity Test Facility, and improving vehicle responses to complex and unpredictable situations.

 

f. Do you think driverless technology is safer than human-controlled driving? Why? 

Driverless technology has the potential to be safer than human-controlled driving because it can eliminate human errors such as distracted driving, fatigue, and impaired driving. Autonomous vehicles can continuously monitor their surroundings and react faster than humans to prevent accidents. However, they still need to overcome challenges related to navigating complex environments and interacting with human drivers to fully realize this potential.

 

Grammar:

A. Match the following statements with the correct reported speech and notice how the statements are changed.

a. Khushi said, "I go to school every day by bus."

Answer: Khushi said that she went to school every day by bus.

 

b. Karma said to me, "I am sorry for coming late."

Answer: Karma apologized for coming late.

 

c. Susan says, "I will leave for Bhanu next week."

Answer: Susan says that she will leave for Bhanu the following week.

 

d. Tshering said, "I will surely meet you this Saturday."

Answer: Tshering promised me to meet that Saturday.

 

e. "The bus leaves at six," said the agent.

Answer: The agent informed us that the bus left at six.

 

f. "I have already finished my project work," said She.

Answer: She said that she had already finished her project work. 

 

g. "I work from home these days," said Yanjal.

Answer: Yanjal said that he worked from home those days.

 

B. Complete the following sentences with the correct  reporting verbs.

advised            informed         admitted          agreed             warned                       

apologized       offered            promised         thanked          

 

a. "I broke the mirror."

He admitted that he had broken the mirror.

 

b. "I'd go and see a doctor if I were you," Pemba said to me.

Pemba advised me to see a doctor.

 

c. "I will send you out if you make a noise again," said the librarian.

The librarian warned me not to make a noise again.

 

d. "I can come and help you plant rice," said Raman.

Raman offered to help me plant rice.

 

e. "The classes start from next week," said the assistant.

The assistant informed us that the classes start from the following week.

 

f. Sonam said to me, "Thank you so much for your help."

Sonam thanked me for my help.

 

g. "OK. I will return your money by Saturday," said Prakriti.

Prakriti promised to return my money by Saturday.

 

h. "I will really work hard and score good grades," said Anupam.

Anupam agreed to work hard and get good grades.

 

i. "I am sorry for coming late," said the speaker.

The speaker apologized for coming late.

 

 

Open Letter to UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres 

 His Excellency Antonio Guterres

United Nations Secretary General

United Nations Secretariat

42nd Street,

New York, NY 10017

7 August 2020

                         

      RE: Inclusion of children in the Youth Advisory Group on                             Climate Change

 Your Excellency,

          Congratulations on your recent announcement of seven young climate leaders- between the ages of 18 and 28 years old - to your Youth Advisory Group on climate change, who will advise you regularly on accelerating global action and the action to tackle the worsening climate crisis. We appreciate this important focus on bringing young leaders into decision-making and planning processes related to climate action. We also welcome the emphasis you place on receiving and giving frank and fearless advice, and the urgency of holding government and corporate leaders to account on climate action.

 

We are disappointed, however, that you have not expanded this list of young climate leaders to children in all their diversity. Millions of children took part in school strikes for climate action in 2019 and early 2020 and demonstrated their outrage and constructive solutions in equal measure. They have been agents of change in the climate debate using their channels of influence-schools, social media, and street protest- to catalyze global activism on the climate crisis. We have seen children from the global North to the global South engaging with political and corporate leaders- in their home countries and also within the international system-most recently at the UN Human Rights Council-claiming their right to a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment as critical foundation to realizing their wellbeing and rights.

 

It was, after all, a child, Greta Thunberg, who sparked this global movement through an inspiriting solo protest in 2018. By 2019. she was able to rightly assert: "We proved that it does not matter what you do and that no one is too small to make a difference." In 2020, children are saying the same thing. Like Fabrizio, a 16 year old boy from Peru, who told us on a recent child-led online conversation, "The Future of Children is at stake now, tomorrow will be too late." Children like Fabrizio are vocal in their anxiety that our dash to economic recovery will scupper climate change at net- zero commitments. They continue to pressure on us all for urgency, and to fight for a green recovery.

Once again, Secretary-General, we congratulate you on the establishment of the Youth Advisory Group on climate change. We ask, however, that it be inclusive of children and adolescents younger than 18; respecting their right to be heard and to contribute their expertise directly. We also ask that as preparations for COP26 advance, you call for the UK and Italy to give children a safe space to influence these upcoming preparatory events. We would of course be happy to support a process that facilitates meaningful engagement with children across the globe on both your Group and COP26.

 

If the last two years have taught us anything it is that children, armed with information and a sense of purpose, have a unique role to play by participating in decision-making processes and in combating crises with constructive solutions. Let us make sure that we learn and apply this lesson to the planning process related to climate action.

Sincerely Yours,

Save the Children

Child Rights Connect

 

Vocabulary:

Secretary:        Administrator - सचिव

Inclusion:        Incorporation - समावेश

Announcement: Declaration - घोषणा

Tackle:             Address - सामना गर्नुहोस्

Worsening:      Deterioration - बिग्रिने

Crisis:              Emergency - संकट

Appreciate:      Acknowledge - महसुस गर्नुहोस्

Emphasis:        Focus - जोर

Frank:              Candid - स्पष्ट

Expanded:       Extended - विस्तारित

Diversity:        Variety - विविधता

Demonstrated:  Illustrated - प्रदर्शित

Debate:            Discussion - बहस

Influence:        Impact - प्रभाव

Protest:            Resistance - विरोध

Activism:         Advocacy - सक्रियता

Solo:                Alone - एक्लो

Assert:             Affirm - जोर दिनु

Conversation:  Dialogue - वार्तालाप

Stake:              Interest - ठेक्का

Anxiety:          Concern - चिन्ता

Economic:       Financial - आर्थिक

Recovery:        Revival - पुनर्स्थापना

Commitments: Obligations - प्रतिबद्धता

Urgency:         Importance - अत्यावश्यकता

Adolescents:   Teenagers - किशोरहरू

Preparatory:     Preliminary - पूर्वतैयारी

Engagement:   Involvement - संलग्नता

Combating:     Confronting - सामना गर्नु

 

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct words given below.

a. The corporate headquarters of the company is in Dubai.
b. According to Greta, the leaders are failing to tackle the key issues.
c. Some viruses catalyze the step in the production of other viruses.
d. His expertise in business helped him greatly to run the company.
e. Nepal government plans to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to net-zero.
f. He does not have good knowledge of business. So, he has put his investment at stake.
g. His controversial remarks caused public outrage.

 

B. Write whether the following sentences are 'True' or 'False'. Write 'Not Given' if the information is not found in the letter.

a. Save the Children congratulates Antonio Guterres on his recent appointment as the General Secretary of the UN. Not Given

b. The Youth Advisory Group on Climate Change was announced on the request of the children between 18-21 years of age. False

c. The dissatisfaction is that the representation of children is not inclusive. True

d. Greta Thunberg protested for the right to a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment. True

e. The children demand their physical safety in the UK and Italy.      Not given

f. The children think that they can participate in decision making to fight against the climate crisis. True

 

C. Answer the following questions.

a. Where is the office of the UN Secretary General?

=  The office of the UN Secretary General is in New York, NY.

b. What is the purpose of writing this letter to Antonio Guterres?

= The purpose of writing this letter to Antonio Guterres is to express disappointment over the exclusion of children in the Youth Advisory Group on Climate Change.

c. Why was the Youth Advisory Group announced?

= The Youth Advisory Group was announced to advise the Secretary-General on accelerating global action and tackling the climate crisis.

d. What roles have children played in the time of climate crisis?

= Children have played a role in the climate crisis by participating in school strikes, protests, and advocating for climate action.

 e. Describe Greta Thuberg and Fabrizio's contributions.

= Greta Thunberg sparked the global movement, and Fabrizio, a 16-year-old boy from Peru, expressed the urgency of addressing climate change.

f. What is the final demand of the children?

= The final demand of the children is to be included and heard in decision-making processes and planning related to climate action.

Grammar 

A. Choose the correct alternative to complete the sentences:

a. Abhilasha said that she…...... the accident. (witnessed, has witnessed, was witnessed)

b. The teacher explained that…………..(the earth revolves round the sun, the earth revolved round the sun, revolve round the sun).

c. Smarika says that ………....(she could not stay there anymore, I can't stay here anymore, she can't stay here anymore).

d. Sachita says that ………...(she loves to listen to music, she loved to listen to music, I love to listen to music).

e. My brother reported that....... (he had completed his homework, I have completed my homework, he has done his homework).

f. My father said that the sun ……..very hot. ( is, are, was)

g. Jenifer said that she …….......(want, wants, wanted) to be a nurse.

 

B. Rewrite the following sentences in indirect speech.

a. Raima said, "We had to cross the river and go ahead."

= Raima said that they had had to cross the river and go ahead.

b. Smarika said, "I will meet you tomorrow, friends."

= Smarika told her friends that she would meet her friends the following day.

c. "I can't come to school tomorrow," Chandani said.

= Chandani said that she couldn't come to school the next day.

d. Dorje said, "Sorry, I cannot lend you any money today."

= Dorje apologized saying that he could not lend any money that day.

e. The teacher said. "Now, you can solve the remaining problems yourselves."

= The teacher said that we could solve the remaining problems ourselves then.

f. The police said. "The incident probably took place yesterday."

= The police said that the incident had probably taken place the day before.

g. I said to him, "I live in Changunarayan these days."

= I told him that I lived in Changunarayan those days.

h. They said to us, "We would like to join you too."

= They told us that they would like to join us too.

i. The Science teacher said, "The coal gives off thick smoke."

= The Science teacher said that the coal gives off thick smoke.

j. Resham said, "I have never seen such a strange animal anywhere else."

= Resham said that he had never seen such a strange animal anywhere else.

k. "I love my children more than wealth," the father said.

= The father said that he loved his children more than wealth

 

 

 2  Festivals and Celebrations

Battle of Oranges

All I can see is a flash of orange, then I am hit in the chest. It knocks my breath away. I slide backwards, fall bum-first in a pile of orange mush. What the heck! I touch my head: my red hat is still there.During the carnival, official public notices are plastered on the walls around Ivrea, ordering people, especially tourists, to wear a red hat. Or else they can be considered a 'fair target for gentle and moderate orange-throwing'.

The red hat people are ordered to wear is not just any hat. The berretto frigio, a sock-shaped hat sold on every street corner, is the symbol of the carnival itself. It is a symbol of freedom; worn in Roman times by freed slaves. During the Middle Ages it was on the heads of peasants rioting against feudal lords.

Back on my feet, I make sure my hat is on, and visible. I want to get another look, but soon I am hit again on my forehead. My head jerks back, I wipe my face, oh my goodness, it's blood! I am going to need stitches, maybe it's a concussion!

Then I remember blood oranges.

Shivering from the quick succession of shock and relief, I retreat to the back of the square, away from any flying fruit. This is the first of three yearly battles; everybody is fresh and excited from a year-long wait. Nine teams of aranceri (orange-throwers) on foot, wearing uniforms, hurl oranges at their opponents on horse-drawn carriages, clad in Doctor Whoesque costumes with padded shoulders and leather-covered cylindrical helmets. An hour into the battle, the square is covered in a thick sludge, mixture of orange pulp and horse manure. It smells sharp, sweet-and-sour.

Aranceri on foot rush back and forth, to the sides of the square stacked with orange crates, filling their shoulder bags and baggy tops. As soon as a cart approaches, they charge, bombarding it with oranges.

Horses halt, for a few minutes; oranges explode, then the cart takes off again, the aranceri chase it for a while, hurling the last of their supplies. They wear no protection, and walk around with their hair caked in orange bits, juice running down their faces. Some have broken noses, some clutch a side of their face, arms or ribs. They hold their heads high, shouting their team's war cries.

"This is the moment we wait for all the year," says Silvia, holding an orange cut in half on her right eye. "I'll be happy to have a black eye tomorrow."

She sits with me, sipping a glass of mulled wine. "I think carnival is good for our psychological health. During these three days I can let it all out, all the frustrations I have built up during the year. Afterwards I feel refreshed. Of course, accidents happen" she adds, pushing the orange on her swollen eye, "but you should try, it's good for you".

I am curious to know what it feels, I admit. I keep thinking I am wearing a hat, and the public are not supposed to join in the battle. Even so, that doesn't seem to stop hat-wearers from throwing the occasional orange. To prevent further trouble, volunteers advise the public to stay behind protective nets.

"Forget the nets" says Massi, an arancere of the Morte team, with a gigantic skull on the back of his orange-stained uniform, "if you want to live the carnival, you have to be in the middle of the battle."

"Aren't you afraid of getting hurt?"

Massi laughs. "If you compare the risk to the rush you get, a black eye is a small price to pay."

He fills his top with oranges. A cart is approaching. "Come on, throw your red hat away and come with me".

I am tempted, but I decline.

                                                                                                                                    - Margherita

Vocabulary:

1. Flash:           Glint, Sparkle, Gleam चमक

2. Pile:             Heap, Stack, Accumulation ढेर

3. Mush:          Mash, Puree, Soften

4. Heck:           Darn, Blast, Curses

5. Carnival:      Fair, Festival, Celebration मेला, उत्सव

6. Slaves:         Servants, Bondsmen, Serfs गुलाम, दास

7. Peasants:     Farmers, Country folk, Agrarians कृषकहरू

8. Feudal:        Medieval, Aristocratic, Hierarchical सामन्ती

9. Jerks:           Twitches, Spasms, Jolts झटका

10. Concussion: Impact, Jolt, Collision धक्का

11. Shivering:  Trembling, Quivering, Shuddering ठिठुर्नु

12. Succession: Sequence, Series, Progression अनुक्रम

13. Hurl:          Throw, Fling, Toss फेक्नु

14. Opponents: Adversaries, Rivals, Foes प्रतिद्वन्द्वी, विरोधी, विपक्षीहरू

15. Costumes:   Attire, Outfits, Dress पोशाक, वस्त्र

16. Battle:       Conflict, Combat, Struggle युद्ध, संघर्ष, लडाई

17. Sludge:      Muck, Mire, Filth कीचड

18. Manure:     Fertilizer, Dung, Compost गोबर

19. Explode:    Burst, Detonate, Erupt फुट्नु

20. Clutch:      Grasp, Grip, Cling दबाउनु

21. Sipping:     Drinking, Imbibing, Quaffing पिउनु, चुस्नु,

22. Mulled:      Pondered, Considered चिन्ता गर्नु, विचार गर्नु

23. Frustrations: Disappointments, Setbacks, Obstacles निराशा

24. Swollen:    Inflamed, Enlarged, Puffed सुज्यो, फुलेको

25. Curious:     Inquisitive, Interested, Intrigued जिज्ञासु, उत्सुक

26. Gigantic:   Huge, Enormous, Massive विशाल, अत्यधिक, असाधारण

 

A. Match the words with their meaning.

a. mush            iii. a soft thick mass or mixture

b. jerk              v. to make something move with a sudden short sharp movement

c. concussion   vi. a temporary loss of consciousness

d. hurl              i. to throw something violently in a particular direction

e. pulp             vii. the soft part inside the fruits and vegetables

f. clutch           ii. to hold something tightly

g. sip                iv. to drink something, taking a very small amount each time

 

B. Write 'True' for true statements and 'False' for false ones.

a. The tourists are informed to wear a red hat through public notices. True

b. Aranceri seems dressed in Doctor Whoesque costumes. True

c. When a cart approaches, aranceri run away from the square.  False

d. The narrator feels bored during the festival period. False

e. The volunteers encourage the visitors to join the battle. False

f. The narrator accepts Massi's offer. False

 

C. Answer the following questions.

a. What does the red hat symbolize?

= The red hat symbolizes freedom and is a symbol of the carnival itself.

 b. How does the narrator feel when she wipes her face?

= The narrator feels shocked when she wipes her face.

 c. What does the square look like after an hour- battle of the oranges?

= After an hour of the battle of the oranges, the square is covered in a thick sludge, a mixture of orange pulp and horse manure.

 d. How do aranceri members chase the cart?

= Aranceri members chase the cart by running after it and hurling the last of their supplies.

 e. Does Silvia enjoy this carnival? Why?

= Yes, Silvia enjoys the carnival because it allows her to release frustrations and feel refreshed afterward.

 f. Why does Massi say, "Forget the nets"?

= Massi says, "Forget the nets" because he believes that to truly experience the carnival, one must be in the middle of the battle.

 

 Grammar I

A. Change the following sentences into indirect speech. The beginning of each sentence is given.

a. "Are you working tonight?"

Agaman asked Timothy if he was working that night.

 b. "Is this the road to the station?"

A stranger wanted to know from me if that was the road to the station. 

 c. "Did you do your homework?"

My friend inquired her if she had done her homework.

 d. "Have you been to Paris?"

The tourist was asked if he had been to Paris.

e. "How long have you been working in this company?"

Usha inquired of Anju how long she had been working in that company.

 f. "What flavour ice cream did you have at the party?"

My mother asked me what flavor ice cream I had at the party.

 g. "Have you studied reported speech before?"

The teacher wanted to know if we had studied reported speech before.

h. "Where will you stay tonight?"

I asked him where he would stay that night.

 i. "How many players were shown yellow card by the referee?"

Sumangal asked his friend how many players had been shown yellow cards by the referee.

 j. "What magic did the medicine have on the patient?"

Sarita wanted to know from Sommaya what magic the medicine had had on the patient.

 

B. Change the following remarks into reported speech.

a. Kritika asked me, "Why did you go out last night?"

= Kritika asked me why I had gone out the previous night. 

b. "Who was that beautiful woman, Usha?" said Sunita.

= Sunita asked Usha who that beautiful woman had been.

c. "How is your mother?" said Gaurab to Yang Dolma.

= Gaurab asked Yang Dolma how her mother was.

d. My friend wanted to know, "What are you going to do at the weekend?"

= My friend wanted to know what I was going to do at the weekend.

e. "Where will you live after graduation?" said my teacher.

= My teacher asked where I would live after graduation.

 f. Anusha said to Melisha, "What were you doing when I saw you?"

= Anusha asked Melisha what she had been doing when she had seen her.

 g. I said to the pilgrim, "How was the journey?"

= I asked the pilgrim how the journey had been.

 h. "How often do you go to cinema?" said Krishna.

= Krishna asked how often I went to cinema.

 i. "Do you live in Patan?" said the Principal.

= The Principal asked if I lived in Patan.

 j. Niraj said to Luniva, "Did Phadindra arrive on time?"

= Niraj asked Luniva if Phadindra had arrived on time.

Thanks giving around the World

Festivals are not just the means of entertainment or rejoice. They also reflect our heritage, culture and traditions. Thanksgiving is celebrated around the world to extend thanks for the harvest, enjoying bountiful food, and spending time with family and friends. Even though Thanksgiving seems to be uniquely American, the tradition is followed in different countries in various forms.

                                                

Thanksgiving, USA

Celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November, Thanksgiving in the USA is a national holiday that commemorates the feast the Pilgrims held after the first harvest in 1621. The first celebration was attended by 90 Native Americans and 53 pilgrims. Thanksgiving has been celebrated intermittently ever since. 

 

Thanksgiving dinner with family plays a central role in the celebrations, with Americans eating more food on Thanksgiving Day than any other day of the year, including Christmas. Roast turkey is essential - approximately 45 million of them are consumed every year as well as mashed potatoes, sweet potatoes, sweet corn and assorted fall vegetables, all food that is native to the Americans. 

Parades are a big part of the celebrations too. They range from small town affairs featuring the local marching band to Macy's Thanksgiving parade through the streets of New York. Billed as the world's largest parade, it features parade floats and huge balloons, usually based on cartoon characters, current Broadway shows and other topical themes.

 

Chuseok, South Korea

Chuseok, also called Hangnail, is a Korean festive holiday celebrated on the 15th day of August, according to the lunar calendar. The festival is celebrated to commemorate the fall harvest and to honour one's ancestors. Similar to Thanksgiving Day in the USA, the Harvest Moon Festival, as it is also known, is one of the most popular holidays in Korea. Traditionally, Koreans return to their ancestral hometowns to celebrate with their families.

 

The festival day begins with a ceremony in which food and wine are offered to ancestors. This is followed by a meal that typically consists of fish and newly harvested vegetables and grains. The food most associated with the holiday is songpyon, a crescent-shaped rice cake that is cooked on a bed of pine needles. Later in the day, celebrants visit the graves of relatives, where more ceremonies are performed. Chuseok is also marked by gift giving and athletic events, including tug-of- war competitions, archery contests, and sirrum, Korean wrestling matches. Other activities include dancing and music playing. On this day, many Koreans wear hanbok, the traditional clothing. 

 

Dia de Acao de Gracas, Brazil

In Brazil, Thanksgiving is a relatively new festival - but it's celebrated with great gusto. It is said that when the former Brazilian President, Gaspar Dutra visited the USA, he was fascinated with the holiday and established the festival in his home country in 1949. 

Dia de Acao de Gracas begins with the mass to offer thanks for an abundant harvest - then there is a vibrant carnival and revellers head to the beach, Peru. Roasted turkey is still the centrepiece of the Brazilian Thanksgiving feast, but there are a few exotic twists. Cranberries do not grow in Brazil, so a sauce made of Jaboticaba, known as the 'Brazilian grape', is whipped up to spread on the bird.

 

Thanksgiving, Liberia

Liberian Thanksgiving is a vibrant and spicy affair. Founded in the 19th century by liberated American slaves, the festival gives thanks for freedom. Liberians celebrate the good things in life, while also marking their troubled past.

After a church service, families gather for a spread of roasted chicken, traditional green bean casserole and mashed cassava - all liberally doused with spices, of course. The Thanksgiving feast is topped off with an evening of dancing, singing and celebration.

 

Crop Over, Barbados

The celebration of Crop Over is Barbados's biggest party. The festival spreads over a length of 12 weeks, from May until August, when it culminates in the massive finale: the Grand Kadooment.

 

Originally a celebration of the sugar cane harvest, Crop Over has been celebrated since the 1780s when Barbados was the world's largest produce of the sweet-stuff. Carnivals pervade the lengthy celebrations, and calypso bands and dancers compete in ever grander and more flamboyant displays.

Homowo, Ghana

The Homowo festival, meaning to jeer or hoot at hunger in Ghana historically celebrates the ending of a long famine suffered by the Ghanaians. What could be better to celebrate the end of shortage than a feast? Palm nut soup with fish is served alongside traditional Kpokoi, a kind of grits made from unleavened corn dough and palm oil.

 

Starting in May with the sowing of millet, the festival takes place through August and September after a ban on drumming and singing that is meant to encourage proper care of the crops. The festival culminates in a night of singing and dancing and frantic beating of drums in loud defiance of hunger and famine.

 

Mehregan, Iran

A festival that dates back at least to the 4th century BC, Mehregan in Iran is held on the 196th day of the Iranian year. The festival celebrates a successful harvest and the goddess Mehr.

 

The celebration calls for new clothes, community blessings and a feast on a table decorated with marjoram. The spread includes sherbert drinks and lavish dinners; in some villages, a sheep is sacrificed and slow- roasted throughout the day.

 

Revellers rub kohl around their eyes as a good omen, and throw handfuls of marjoram, lotus and sugar plum seeds over each other.

 

A. The meanings of some of the words from the text are given below. Find the words and write against the correct meanings.

a. in a way occurring at irregular intervals; not continuous or steady.            

= Intermittently

b. to remind people of an important event or person from the past.               

= Commemorate

c. in a way that shows the usual qualities or features of a particular type of person or thing.

= Typically

d. a curved shape that is wide in the middle and pointed at each end.          

= Crescent-shaped

e. full of life and energy.        

= Vibrant

f. a person who is having fun in a noisy way, usually with a group of other people. 

= Revellers

g. from or in another country; seeming exciting and unusual.            

= Exotic

h. to spread through and be easy to notice.                

= Pervade

i. brightly coloured and likely to attract attention.     

= Flamboyant

j. done quickly and with a lot of activity, but not very well organized.         

= Frantic

 

B. The following events represent different activities observed during Thanksgiving around the world. Study them carefully and write the names of countries where they are celebrated.

a. Families gather for a feast in the evening accompanied by dancing and singing. = Liberia

b. People wear new clothes and get community blessings. = Iran

c. Palm nut soup, fish and traditional Kpokoi are served. = Ghana

d. People return to their hometowns to celebrate the festival. = South Korea

e. Celebrants go to the beach in a noisy way. = Brazil

f. Parades are taken out in the streets.= USA

g. Food and wine are offered to the forefathers. = South Korea

 

C. Answer the following questions.

a. What is the main feature of American Thanksgiving?

- Thanksgiving dinner with family.

 

 b. What do parades include in Thanksgiving in America?

- Parade includes floats and huge balloons based on various themes.

 

 c. When and why is Chuseok celebrated in Korea?

- Chuseok is celebrated on the 15th day of August (according to the lunar calendar) to commemorate the fall harvest and honor one's ancestors.

 

 d. How did Thanksgiving begin in Brazil?

- It began when the former Brazilian President, Gaspar Dutra, visited the USA and was inspired by the holiday. He established Thanksgiving in Brazil in 1949.

 

e. Who started Thanksgiving in Liberia?

- Thanksgiving in Liberia was started by liberated American slaves in the 19th century.

 

f. Why was it started? What is Thanksgiving celebrated in Barbados for?

- Thanksgiving in Barbados, known as Crop Over, was originally a celebration of the sugar cane harvest when Barbados was the world's largest producer of sugar.

 

g. What is Homowo marked in Ghana?

- Homowo in Ghana marks the celebration of the end of a long famine and is a feast to jeer at hunger.

Grammar II

A. Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct alternative from brackets.

a. Sujita asked her mother.......(when her father would come home, when will her father come home, when might her father come home).

b. She replied that she had never had caviar when I said to her, " ....caviar?" (Have you ever had, Will you have, Would you have)

c. The salesperson said to him, "What...........for you?" (I can do, can I do, I could do)

d. The tourist inquired from me........to Banepa. (whether I belonged, whether I would belong, whether I am belonging)

e. The little girl asked us what time.....to come back. (were we supposed, we were supposed, we had been supposed)

f. The head teacher asked her ........ the exam form the week before. (whether she had filled out, whether she fills out, whether had she filled out)

g. Renuka asked me.........her. (if I have called, if I had called, if had I called)

 

3.       Health and Wellness

A Letter from a Patient

Dear health care worker,

            I recently experienced a parent's worst nightmare दु:स्वप्न. One evening my nine-week old baby developed an extremely अत्यन्तै high fever. We rushed to our local community hospital and were admitted through the emergency department  आपतकालिन विभाग  to the pediatric बाल चिकित्सा unit. We were discharged three days later. Thanks to the skilled doctors and nurses who cared for our precious बहुमुल्य little one. While our infant's care and health outcomes were fantastic, our experience was less than satisfactory.

During my hospital stay, many staff took the opportunity अवसर to bad-mouth their colleagues सहकर्मीहरु to me when we were alone. I am not sure if this occurred because I looked rather trust-worthy or they wanted to let me know they were more competent सक्षम than their colleagues. The emergency nurses complained about the doctors' orders and the delay in response of the pediatric nurses. The pediatric nurses complained about the emergency room nurses' inability to get an intravenous line. The pediatrician complained about orders made by the emergency doctor. Once admitted, our pediatric nurse complained about the pediatricians' approach to the care of my baby. Then the pediatrician बालरोग विशेषज्ञ complained about the pediatric nurse's lack of ability to obtain a urine sample नमुना

 At every opportunity the parent in me wanted to scream at the top of my lungs "Can stop complaining about each other and look after my sick baby?" From my vantage point सुविधाजनक बिन्दु, it seemed that everyone was so focused on their own needs and skills that they appeared completely insensible that there was a sick baby that needed their help. In fact, it was downright disappointing एकदम निराशाजनक. This did nothing other than state to me that egos अंहकार were taking priority प्राथमिकता over my daughter's care. I cannot tell you how many times nurses told me, "I am so busy today." I am not sure if they were telling me to excuse the fact that my daughter's medications औषधीहरु were not on time or maybe they were simply looking for support. Every time I heard this statement my head played my own version that sounded more like "your daughter is not a priority."

 Do not use patients or their families as your personal confidante विश्वासपात्र. I was in that hospital room to care for my infant and see her condition improve, not to hear that staff were not equipped to see this goal through. Patients and their families need to know they are your priority and your job is to care for them in an effort to restore health. Please take time to tell them this, share positive news with them as if you are happy too, because I know you are.

Use the chart, read it, write on it and refer to it. After all, this is where everything that happens should be documented. At every interaction with a physician and their students I was asked the same questions "Was she premature?" and "Was your delivery normal?" I answered these questions the same each time, surely someone wrote this down in our chart.

 The majority of health care workers that approached my daughter referred to her as male. I would politely correct them with her or she. My daughter spent her time in hospital wearing only a diaper. Despite no obvious gender indicator, surely somewhere in my paperwork it indicated that she was female. As sleep deprivation अभाव and stress took their toll I wondered what other mistakes may exist on my baby's paperwork. Please be careful of what you say to patients and how you say it. When you are caught on such a slip up, be genuine in your apology and make a sincere effort to refrain from repeating the same mistake next time. Patients and their families need to know that you are listening and that you care about what it is they are saying. The gender error is one that left me with a sense of sloppiness and lack of focus on behalf of all who made this innocent mistake.

I am a health care worker just like you. People trust us to take care of their most precious loved ones in their most vulnerable states. This is our job and we do it with pride, but how we treat each other is dreadful डरलाग्दो Patients know that healthcare is not a glamorous career choice. They know that most of us do it because we want to help sick people get well. Do your best to confirm this belief when people are in your care. I am not innocent of uttering some of these statements above. However, I can assure you that I will be more conscious of what I say to patients and their families after my daughter's hospital stay.

Fellow health care workers, choose to interact with your patients in a way that instills confidence in yourself and your fellow team members. You alone have the power to positively shape the patient's experience.

 Yours truly,

An appreciative mother

(Adapted from https://hospitalnews.com/a-letter-from-a-patient/)

 

A. Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B.

a. nightmare                             iii. causing great fear or suffering

b. pediatric                   iv. relating to the medical care of children

c. intravenous              v. into or connected to a vein

d. priority                     ii. a thing that is regarded as more important than others

e. medications              i. treatment using drugs

f. confidante                ix. a person with whom private matters and problems are discussed

g. vulnerability             vi. in need of special care, support, or protection

h. deprivation              viii. the lack of something considered to be a necessity

i. dreadful                    vii. very bad or unpleasant 

B. Write True for true and False for false statements.

a. The sender of the letter was happy with the service of the health workers. False

b. The staff of different departments in the hospital had harmonious relationships with each other. False

c. The hospital staff were concerned with the requirements of the sick child. False

d. The staff of the hospital shared their personal feelings with the writer. False

e. The chart was unclear about the patient's gender. True

f. The author took the mistakes of the health workers normally. False

g. The writer seems to be more sincere in her duty than the hospital staff.  True

 C. Answer the following questions.

a. What was the nightmare for the author?

= The nightmare for the author was the experience of her nine-week old baby developing an extremely high fever.

b. What do you think the main purpose of this letter is?

= The main purpose of this letter is to express the author's appreciation for the skilled doctors and nurses who cared for her baby, but also to highlight the dissatisfaction with the staff's behavior and lack of focus on patient care.

 c. According to the author, what was the main weakness of the hospital staff?

= According to the author, the main weakness of the hospital staff was their tendency to bad-mouth their colleagues and prioritize their own needs and skills over the well-being of the patients.

d. Did the nurses really say "your daughter is not a priority"? Why did the author think so?

= The nurses did not directly say "your daughter is not a priority." The author inferred this based on their repeated statements of being busy and the delays in medication administration and other aspects of care.

e. What do the patients and their families expect from the health workers?

= Patients and their families expect health workers to prioritize their well-being, provide attentive and compassionate care, and communicate effectively.

f. List the questions that the author was asked frequently in the hospital.

= The author was frequently asked the questions "Was she premature?" and "Was your delivery normal?" during her hospital stay.

g. Why did the health workers make gender error about the author's daughter?

= The health workers made a gender error about the author's daughter despite her not wearing any obvious gender indicators. The author assumes that there may have been mistakes or lack of attention to detail in her baby's paperwork.

h. According to the author, how do people perceive the career of health workers.

= According to the author, people perceive the career of health workers as not glamorous but as a choice made to help sick people get well. The author emphasizes the importance of confirming this belief through their interactions with patients

D. If you become a health worker in the future, what lessons can you learn from this letter?

As a health worker, there are several lessons to be learned from this letter:

 1. Focus on patient-centered care:

Always prioritize the needs and well-being of the patients above personal egos or conflicts. Remember that patients and their families expect and deserve your full attention and care.

2. Maintain professionalism:

Avoid bad-mouthing colleagues or complaining about them in front of patients or their families. Maintain a positive and supportive working environment.

 3. Effective communication:

Take the time to listen to patients and their families actively. Avoid making assumptions or mistakes in addressing them, such as gender errors. Apologize sincerely if mistakes are made and make an effort to rectify them.

4. Use documentation properly:

Make sure to read and update patient charts accurately, ensuring that important information is recorded and shared with the team. This helps in providing comprehensive and informed care.

5. Reflect on personal behavior:

Mindful of the impact your words and actions have on patients and their families. Strive to instill confidence, provide positive news, and demonstrate genuine care and empathy.

 

GRAMMAR-I

B. Change the following sentences into indirect speech. The beginning of each sentence is given.
a. "Please help me fix this machine."
She requested me to fix that machine.
b. "Don't please switch on the fan?"
The electrician forbade me to switch on the fan.
c. "Help me with my homework, please."
My friend requested me to help him with his homework.
d. "Lend me some money, please."
She asked me to lend some money

e. "Do your homework!"
The teacher told me to do my homework.

f. "Don't smoke!"

The doctor advised me not to smoke
g. "Don't make a mess!"
My mother told me not to make a mess.

 

 

A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life

Ladies and gentlemen,

I'm delighted हर्षित to have the honour सम्मान of opening this international conference सम्मेलन on the Joint Programming Initiative पहल "A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life".

It's a topic that's never out of the media संचार, with endless variations विविधता on whether carbs, fat, sugar or protein are good or bad, or reports on the latest wonder food that will stop cancer in its tracks or help us live longer.

We are now relying on science and innovation नविनता to help us tackle the new public health challenge that is diet and lifestyle-related diseases such as overweight and obesity मोटोपन sometimes described as the greatest public health challenge of our times.

 It's a challenge that all member states are facing to different degrees, so it makes perfect sense - both scientifically and economically to pool our knowledge together.

That's why this Joint Programming Initiative is so important.

When Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life was launched, the Council of the European Union noted that in the last three decades the levels of overweight and obesity in the EU have risen dramatically, particularly among children, and that the trend of poor diet and low physical activity is getting even worse.

Many chronic दीर्घकालीन conditions such as cancer, neurological and mental disorders, cardiovascular diseases, obesity and type 2 diabetes can be prevented or modified through better lifestyles and healthier diets.

Different projects are delivering insights such as how diabetes and obesity can be prevented, how they progress, how early diagnosis निदान can improve quality of life, and how to select the best treatments.

But despite the improvements, much more needs to be done, particularly because of the trans-generational effects of obesity and diabetes.

Horizon 2020, Europe's 80-billion-euro research and innovation programme, is designed to tackle society's biggest challenges.

The two things that are most relevant to 'A Healthy Diet for A Healthy
Life' are food safety and the bio economy, and health, demographic
change and wellbeing.

For the next seven years, these challenges will fund the very best research on nutrition, health, diet-related disease and ageing and translate the knowledge gained into innovative and effective products, treatments, services and strategies to benefit all patients, and to prevent many people from developing disease in the first place.

It will require an unprecedented level of cooperation along the healthcare innovation chain, starting with researchers that char- acterise diseases, to those who use this knowledge by developing new biomarkers, diagnostics and medicines and to regulators who evaluate and approve them.

Unfortunately, different attempts to encourage healthier eating have not yet led to major changes in patterns of food purchase and consumption.

That's where a multidisciplinary approach comes in, with health and nutrition research and innovation that includes the social sciences. We all know, for example, that understanding people's behaviours and their relationship to food and exercise is vital in helping them to make healthier choices.

I'm convinced that Horizon 2020 can make excellent progress on research and innovation for healthy diets and healthy lives.

There's no point in all this effort if the good intentions of the Research Agenda aren't turned into concrete action.

So, implementation is important, and this will be achieved first by coordinating national research programmes and activities. Today's launch of the implementation plan marks a major step forward in putting the Strategic Research Agenda into action.

And I also encourage you to explore other avenues besides joint
calls and knowledge networks to implement your Strategic Research
Agenda such as linking to other relevant JPIs and by benefiting from
common European research infrastructures.

Above all, in this critical phase of implementation, I urge the Member States participating in this JPI to unlock national funding for research and to actively engage in aligning national research programmes and innovation policies.

Ladies and gentlemen,

I wish you an excellent conference, full of innovative ideas and interesting discussions. I look forward to hearing the results.

Thank you.

(The text is an adapted version of the opening address to the conference on the Joint Programmaing Initiative (IPI) delivered by Maire Geoghegan Quinn, European Commissioner for Research, Innovation and Science, in Brussels on 28 March 2014)

A. Consult a dictionary or the internet and define the following words/phrases.
a. Wonder food: A term used to describe a food or ingredient that is believed to have extraordinary health benefits or healing properties. 

b. Cardiovascular diseases: A group of disorders that affect the heart and blood vessels, including conditions such as heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure.

c. Bioeconomy: An economic system that utilizes biological resources and processes to produce sustainable products, energy, and services.

d. Demographic change: Refers to shifts in the composition and characteristics of a population, including factors such as age, gender, fertility rates, migration patterns, and life expectancy.

e. Multidisciplinary approach: An approach that involves incorporating knowledge and expertise from various disciplines or fields of study to address complex problems or challenges.

f. Economic inequalities: Refers to the disparities or differences in income, wealth, and opportunities among individuals or groups within a society.

g. Neurological disorders: Disorders that affect the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, leading to symptoms such as cognitive impairment, movement problems, seizures, and sensory disturbances.

h. Biomarkers: Biological indicators or measurable characteristics that can be used to assess and evaluate physiological, pathological, or pharmacological processes or responses.

 

B. Complete the sentences below with one of the words in red from the text above.

a. The children were especially delighted that there were enough cookies for each of them to have two.
b. The organization held its annual conference in New York this year. The health ministers of more than forty countries attended it.

c. It is innovation that makes any organization a successful one.
d. Your life changes dramatically if you perform in your studies.
e. Mr. Gurung is leaving the job because of neurological disease.
f. Early diagnosis of a disease helps us to cure it soon.
g. We have faced unprecedented level of climate change at present.

h. The patient may need blood work or other biomarkers to determine his specific health problem.
i. The world looked for different multidisciplinary to find the solution to COVID-19.

 

C. Choose the best alternatives to complete the following sentences.
a. The greatest public health challenge at present is.

i. cancer                        ii. diabetes                   

iii. obesity                     iv. cardiovascular disease

b. The Joint Programming Initiative will bring the ............ of member states together.
i. lifestyle                      ii. economy                 

iii. challenge                  iv. knowledge

c. The health care innovation chain begins from..
i. researchers               ii. biomarkers              

iii. diagnostics                iv. regulators

d. The need behind multidisciplinary approach is

i. the unchanged pattern of food purchase and consumption
ii. the lack of effective treatments for patients
iii. the poor quality of life
iv. the lack of progress in research and innovation

e. Through this speech, the speaker wants to.........

i. open the conference on the Joint Programming Initiative
ii. invite new public health challenge
iii. launch the programme 'A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life'
iv. appeal the members of EU for collaboration for research and innovation

D. Answer the following questions.
a. What topic is the speaker talking about when she says, "It's a topic that's never out of the media?"

The speaker is talking about the topic of a healthy diet for a healthy life.
b. According to the speaker, what is the cause of obesity among children in the EU?
According to the speaker, the cause of obesity among children in the EU is the trend of poor diet and low physical activity, which is getting worse.

c. What should people do to prevent themselves from the diseases like type 2 diabetes?
According to the text, people should adopt better lifestyles and healthier diets to prevent diseases like type 2 diabetes.

d. What is Horizon 2020?
Horizon 2020 is Europe's 80-billion-euro research and innovation program designed to tackle society's biggest challenges.

e. Why is research very important to fight against the health challenges?

Research is very important to fight against health challenges because it provides insights, knowledge, and innovations that can lead to better understanding, prevention, and treatment of diseases.

f. What result can Horizon 2020 give if it is implemented effectively?
If implemented effectively, Horizon 2020 can result in innovative and effective products, treatments, services, and strategies for nutrition, health, diet-related diseases, and aging. It can benefit patients by improving their quality of life and preventing the development of diseases.

g. What results does the speaker expect from the conference?

The speaker expects the conference to generate innovative ideas and interesting discussions. The specific results or outcomes desired from the conference are not mentioned in the text.

h. Do you think that the people of the EU will be benefitted by this conference? If yes, what benefits will they get?

It can be inferred that the people of the EU can potentially benefit from this conference. By pooling knowledge and resources, implementing research findings, and promoting healthier lifestyles, the conference aims to address the public health challenges related to diet and improve the well-being of individuals in the EU.

Grammar II

A. Circle the correct words to complete these sentences.
a. The doctor told me do /to do some exercise every day.
b. She said, "Don't shout /Not to shout."

c. The doctor forbade me to eat/not to eat junk food.
d. I told her, "To speak/Speak slowly."
e. Sumina promised to tell no one/not to tell anyone.
f. My mother said, "To get /Get out of bed early!"

g. The mountain guide warned him to take/not to take the oxygen cylinder.
h. Sugam said to me, "Go to/ Go home and take a rest."
i. He ordered us we got out /to get out of his way.
j. The librarian requested them please do not make/ not to make a noise.

 

B. Change the following sentences into indirect speech. Use the reporting verbs in brackets.

a. "Bring some sugar, Punita," she said. (ask)

= She asked Punita to bring some sugar.

b. "You must submit your assignment soon," the teacher said. (tell)

= The teacher told me that I must submit my assignment soon.

c. "Remember to come early, Anu," he said. (remind)

= He reminded Anu to come early.

d. "You should see a doctor, Mrs Tamang," he said. (advise)

= He advised Mrs Tamang that she should see a doctor.

e. "Keep all the windows open, Nona," my father said. (warn)

=  My father warned Nona to keep all the windows open.

f. "Go home, Prashun," Furba said. (tell)

= Furba told Prashun to go home.

 

C. Report the following sentences in indirect speech.
a. The hermit said, "Don't idle away your time."
= The hermit told me  not to idle away my time.

b. Madan said to his friend. "Please help me with money."

= Madan requested his friend to help him with money.

c. "Be not afraid, noble prince", said the Guru.

= The Guru adviced the noble prince not to be afraid.

d. He said to me, "Let me do my work."

= He asked me to let him do his work.

e. The General said to his troops, "Guard the fort.

= The General instructed his troops to guard the fort.

f. Aaswin said to the teacher, "Please excuse me, madam."

= Aaswin requested the teacher to excuse him.

g. The guide said to the visitors, "Follow me carefully."

= The guide asked the visitors to follow him carefully.

h. My teacher said to me, "Don't look behind."

= My teacher told me not to look behind.

i. Mother said to the daughter, "Get ready to receive the guests."

= Mother told the daughter to get ready to receive the guests.

 j.  The boy said to the rescuers, "Please help me to get out of this well."

= The boy requested the rescuers to help him get out of the well.

k. The teacher said to the boys, "Read silently."

= The teacher told the boys to read silently.

l. The coach said, "Let's play a friendly football match."

= The coach suggested us to play a friendly football match.

m. The monk said to us, "Give up bad habits."

= The monk urged us to give up bad habits.

 n. Father said to me, "Do not tell a lie."

 = Father told me not to tell a lie.

4.       Work and Leisure

Cabbage White

Sarah and Jamie stood on their tiptoe and gave the card from their school to the tall man behind the counter of a farm. The man frowned and made a face.

"So you're looking for some work, And who are you?" "I'm Sarah. I'm twelve. This is my brother Jamie; he's eleven."
"Shouldn't you be at school?"
"We are on holiday. And would like to earn some money and support our parents." The man lifted his hat and scratched his head. "Working in the farm is a quite tough job for kids like you. I need somebody big and strong to work here," he said.
"There must be some work for us in this big farm. Could you please find one? Sarah pleaded.
"And right. Let's see. Do you know what a Cabbage White is?" the man asked.
"Yos. It's a beautiful white butterfly that lays its eggs on cabbages. And those eggs change into caterpillars.", answered Sarah.
"And do you know what the caterpillars do?"
"They eat the cabbage leaves!" shouted Jamie.
"Aren't you afraid of caterpillars?" asked the man.
"Alright. So, I think I have a job for you."
"Not at all." retorted Sarah.
"Oh! Thank you very much. And what is the work?", they said.
"I want you to check every single.
cabbage in the garden and eliminate all the caterpillars," replied the man.
"Er...how?" wondered Jamie.
"You pick them off and collect them."
"Is it alright if we collect them in one of these pails?"
"Alright."
"How much will you pay us?" Sarah asked.
"Let me see how you get on, first. If I am happy with your work, I'll not disappoint you with the pay. I'll be in the greenhouse, Get started and I'll see you later."
Shortly, armed with a pail each, the children approached the cabbage patch. It was so enormous. "There must be a million cabbages here!" Jamie said.

"At least!" Sarah said. "And if there are ten caterpillars on each cabbage that makes there a billion caterpillars!"
Sarah stood open-mouthed. The job looked really tough. Jamie wondered about her arithmetic, but know better than to dispute, They started on the first row of cabbages. It was really a hideous job. The caterpillars wriggled as they were picked up. It took the two children ages to finish the first row, and already they couldn't see the bottom of their buckets for caterpillars. And all around them, the air was filled with Cabbage White butterflies. The insects seemed to be mocking them. They seemed to be saying: "We don't care if you kill our caterpillars. We can lay millions of eggs."
Sarah and Jamie were now very desperate.
Sarah struck out at a butterfly. She missed, of course. She watched it fly gaily away. Then she had an idea, as brilliant in its way as Einstein coming up with e=mc².
"Jamie, caterpillars come from eggs, right?" He nodded at her remarks. "And where do eggs come from? she inquired further.
"The Butterflies lay them." "Right. So", she reasoned, "if we get get rid of the butterflies, there won't be any more eggs or caterpillars."
"Right." Jamie agreed.
"So, why don't we get rid of the butterflies!"
"How?" he asked.
Nearby, there were beans climbing up bamboo poles. Sarah removed two poles. Two bean plants died. She handed one of the poles to Jamie, and then rushed into the cabbage patch, swinging her pole round and round trying to hit the butterflies. This seemed to Jamie like a good game, so he followed her. It is not easy to hit flying
butterflies, but it is not difficult to hit them when they settle on cabbages. Soon the ground was covered with dead butterflies. Sarah and Jamie fought on until they were completely exhausted. Then they stood back to admire their work. There were hardly any butterflies left. There were hardly any cabbages left, either. It is difficult to hit a butterfly on a cabbage without hitting the cabbage too. The cabbage patch looked like a battle-field. Not a cabbage was left standing. The children looked at each other. Without a word, they put down the bamboo poles and tiptoed out of the garden. "He knows our names," Jamie said.
"But he does not know where we live," Sarah said.
"Thank goodness," they both said.
(Adapted from Happy Days and Short Stories by Jake Allsop)

Vocabulary:

1. frowned - रिसाएको जस्तो गरे

2. scratched - कोट्यायो

3. pleaded - बिन्ती गर्यो

4. afraid - डराएको

5. retorted - जवाफ फर्कायो

6. eliminate - हटाउनु

7. pails - बाल्टिनहरू

8. patch - टालो

9. enormous - विशाल

10. dispute - विवाद

11. hideous - कुरुप

12. wriggled - जुम्राको जस्तो हल्लियो

13. desperate - निराश

14. struck - हान्यो

15. gaily - खुसीले

16. bamboo poles - बाँसका लौठहरू

17. swinging - जुलिरहेको

18. exhausted - थाकेको

19. admire - प्रशंसा गर्नु

 

 A. Match the following meanings in the left column with the correct words in the right.

a. to laugh at somebody in an unkind way                                               - vii. mock

b. very unpleasant                                                                                        - v. hideous

c. to twist and turn body or part of it with quick, short movements    - viii. wriggle

d. in a cheerful way                                                                                     - vi. gaily

e. very surprised or shocked                                                          - iii. open-mouthed

f. to ask for something in a serious and emotional way                         - plead

g. to make a facial expression indicating disapproval                           - i. frown

h. to argue or disagree strongly with somebody                          - iv. dispute

 

B. The word tiptoe refers to the way of walking with one's heels off the ground, in order to make them taller or to move very quietly. Consult a dictionary and find the meanings of the following words related to walking.

1. sneak: to move silently and secretly, often to avoid being noticed

2. stroll: to walk in a leisurely and relaxed way

3. lurch: to move suddenly and unsteadily, often forward or to one side

4. stagger: to walk or move unsteadily, as if about to fall

5. stride: to walk with long, decisive steps

6. stumble: to trip or lose balance while walking or running

 

C. Answer these questions.

a. Why do you think the man frowned his face when Sarah and Jamie gave him their school card?

   - The man likely frowned because he was surprised or puzzled to see children looking for work on a farm instead of being in school.

b. Why were Sarah and Jamie looking for a job instead of going to school?

   - Sarah and Jamie were on holiday and wanted to earn some money to support their parents.

c. Why was the man ready to give them work in his farm?

   - The man was initially reluctant but decided to give them a chance after realizing they were determined and knew about the Cabbage White butterfly and its caterpillars.

d. What work were they supposed to do at the man's farm?

   - They were supposed to check every cabbage in the garden and eliminate all the caterpillars.

e. Were there really a million or billion caterpillars in the cabbage field? If not, what do Sarah and Jamie mean by a million or billion caterpillars?

   - No, there weren't really a million or billion caterpillars. Sarah and Jamie were exaggerating to express how overwhelming the number of caterpillars seemed to them.

f. What were Sarah and Jamie desperate about?

   - They were desperate because the job of picking off all the caterpillars seemed overwhelming and impossible with so many Cabbage White butterflies around.

g. What was Sarah's brilliant idea?

   - Sarah's brilliant idea was to get rid of the butterflies, so they wouldn't lay more eggs, which would prevent more caterpillars from hatching.

h. Were the children happy with their work? Give reasons for your answer.

   - No, the children were not happy with their work. Although they managed to kill many butterflies, they also destroyed the cabbages in the process, realizing they had made a mess of the farm.

i. Why did they run away from the farm secretly?

   - They ran away secretly because they had ruined the cabbage patch in their attempt to kill the butterflies and didn't want to face the consequences from the farm owner.

 

D. Read the story and write 'True' for true statements, and 'False' for false ones. If the information is not given in the text write 'Not Given'.

a. Sarah and Jamie's parents were unable to work to support the family.       - Not Given

b. Sarah and Jamie have never been to school.                                               - False

c. The man decides to pay them upon the completion of their work.              - True

d. Sarah and Jamie had not expected to find so many caterpillars in the cabbage field.                                                                                                                               -True

e. Sarah's idea finally worked to finish off their job.                                         - True

f. They were caught by the farm owner while running away.                           - False

 

Grammar I
A. Read the story below and tell what the underlined words are used for.

A Heron was walking sedately along the bank of a river. All he could see on the clear water was a little fish. "This might be a good breakfast for me," thought the Heron. Suddenly his eyes fell upon a big octopus passing by. "Master Heron should not be happy with such a tiny fish," he said to himself. "I wouldn't even trouble to open my beak for anything like that while I may have a lovely dinner. But I must play a trick on the octopus or it will escape." The fish and the octopus were smarter than the Heron. They swam into the depths of the river and disappeared. The poor Heron had to be content for breakfast on a tiny Snail.

 

 might: Used as a modal verb to express possibility or a suggestion.

 should: Used as a modal verb to express obligation or a recommendation.

 may: Used as a modal verb to express possibility.

 must: Used as a modal verb to express necessity or an obligation.

 had to: Used as a phrase indicating an obligation or necessity in the past.

 

B. Complete the sentences below with the correct words given below.

a. This can't be Safal's coat. It is too small for him.

b. Could you please tell me the way to the airport?

c. Would you like to stay with us at the weekend?

d. Do you know where Jack is? He might be in his office.

e. The sky is overcast. It may rain in the afternoon.

f. Sanam has been working in the field all day. She must be tired.

g. The film is really wonderful. You should see it at least once.

 

C. Complete the sentences below with must or can't in the blank spaces.

a. The man is looking around. He must be lost.

b. He can't be a doctor. He has not studied medicine.

c. Sushmita failed the test although she is a smart student. She can't have prepared well this time.

d. The restaurant always serves really good food. They must have employed excellent chefs.

e. There must be something wrong with the fan. It is making an unusual sound.

f. This can't be Sumana's book. There is a stamp of the library on it.

g. He must have had hard times. He has lost his job and has to support his elderly parents.

 

 

Leave this Chanting and Singing

Leave this chanting and singing and telling of beads!
Whom dost thou worship in this lonely dark corner of a temple with

doors all shut?
Open thine eyes and see thy God is not before thee!

He is there whore the tiller is tilling the hard ground

and where the pathmaker is breaking stones.

He is with them in sun and in shower,

and his garment is covered with dust.
Put off thy holy mantle and even like him come down on the dusty soil!

Deliverance?
Where is this deliverance to be found?
Our master himself has joyfully taken upon him the bonds of creation;

he is bound with us all forever.

Come out of thy meditations and leave aside thy flowers and incense!

What harm is there if thy clothes become tattered and stained?

Meet him and stand by him in toil and in sweat of thy brow.
                                                                                                -Rabindranath Tagore

Vocabulary

1. Chanting - जप, मन्त्रोच्चारण

2. Telling of beads - माला जप्ने

3. Worship - पूजा

4. Lonely -  एकान्त

5. Tiller - हलो जोत्ने (किसान)

6. Shower -  वर्षा

7. Garment - पहिरन, वस्त्र

8. Holy - पवित्र

9. Mantle - बाहिरी वस्त्र, आवरण

10. Deliverance - मुक्ति

11. Bonds - बन्धन

12. Creation - सृष्टि

13. Meditations - ध्यान

14. Incense - धूप, अगरबत्ती

15. Tattered - च्यातिएको, फाटेको

16. Stained - दाग लागेको

17. Toil - कठिन परिश्रम

18. Sweat - पसिना

19. Brow - निधार

 

A. Find the words from the poem which have the following meanings.

a. Bead: small piece of glass or stone threaded with others to make a necklace

b. Tilling: to prepare and use land for growing crops

c. Garment: a piece of clothing

d. Mantle: a layer of something that covers a surface

e. Deliverance: the state of being rescued from danger, evil, or pain

f. Incense: a substance that produces a pleasant smell when you burn it

g. Stained: covered with marks

h. Toil: hard unpleasant work that makes you very tired

 

B. Find the modern equivalents of the following archaic words used in the poem.

a. dost: do

b. thou: you

c. thine: your

d. thy: your

C. Answer the following questions.

a. Who is the poem addressed to?

   The poem is addressed to those who engage in religious rituals and worship in solitude, away from the real world.

 

b. What does the speaker advise people?

   The speaker advises people to leave their religious rituals and to find God in the everyday work and struggles of life.

 

c. Where do people try to find the god?

   People try to find God in secluded places, like dark corners of temples with closed doors.

 

d. Where, according to the speaker, does the god actually reside?

   According to the speaker, God resides among the workers, in the fields with the tillers and pathmakers, amidst the dust and toil.

 

e. How can people have a glimpse of the god?

   People can have a glimpse of God by joining the workers, engaging in the labor, and experiencing the real life struggles.

 

f. Why can't the god rescue people?

   The god can't rescue people because he is bound with them in the bonds of creation and is a part of their toil and struggle.

 

g. What does the speaker ask people to do in the last stanza?

   The speaker asks people to come out of their meditations, leave aside their flowers and incense, and join in the toil and sweat of daily life, meeting God in the process.

 

Grammar II

A. Match the following imperative sentences with their functions.

a. Kindly tell me where the bus park is.                           - viii. making a request

b. Go straight and take the first turn on your right.        - i. giving direction

c. Cook the rice in medium heat until it turns tender.    - vi. giving instruction

d. Please join us on the tour.                                              - vii. making an invitation

e. Don't feed the animals in the zoo!                                 - ii. warning

f. Wear warm clothes.                                                          - iv. giving advice

g. Put your hands up!                                                           - v. making an order

h. Get out of here at once.                                                   - iii. making a command

i. Let's go for a walk.                                                            - ix. suggesting

B. Change the following imperative sentences into negative.

a. Turn left at the junction.

- Don't turn left at the junction.

b. Please open the door.

- Please don't open the door.

c. Let him tell a story.

 - Don't let him tell a story.

d. Put out the light.

- Don't put out the light.

e. Let's play a friendly football match.

- Let's not play a friendly football match.

f. Please help the man get out of the well.

- Please don't help the man get out of the well.

g. Instruct the people about how they should work.

- Don't instruct the people about how they should work.

5.       Science and Experiment

Yes, You Can Boil Water at Room Temperature

Sometimes it's right on the box of rice mix the high altitude version of cooking instructions. Usually this means that your rice will have to cook a little bit longer if you are in Denver or at the top of Mount Everest. Of course that's just a joke. No one cooks rice at the top of Everest. But why are the instructions even different? Why does it matter where you cook? The answer has to do with boiling water.

You ask some people on the street about the boiling temperature of water. Some might say 212°F or even better 100°C-but that's not always true. As you increase your altitude above sea level, the boiling point of water decreases by about 1°F for every 500 feet increase. That means your water in Denver is going to be 203°F and this will have an impact on your cooking. But why?

Water Vapour Pressure

There are many awesome things about water-one interesting factoid is that on the surface of the Earth you can find water in all three phases: solid, liquid, and as a gas. We call the gas phase of wa- ter 'water vapour.

You might think that you need to boil liquid water to create water vapour but you do not. You just need some liquid water at room temperature. Picture a glass of water. If you could zoom in with super vision (not actually possible), you would see that this water is made of a bunch of molecules-water molecules. Although these molecules are themselves made of three atoms: two hydrogens and one oxygen. Let's just think of them as tiny balls.

These tiny water balls are moving around in the water but stay fairly These tiny water balls are moving around in the water but stay fairly close to their ball neighbours. This motion isn't due to currents in the water, instead this is thermal motion. Imagine these tiny balls jiggling around in a giant collection of balls: The hotter the water. the greater the motion of these water balls. But wait! The speeds of the water particles are not all the same. Although there is an average ball speed, some are going faster and some are going slower. It's just like the height of a group of adult humans. There is an average height, but everyone is not the same. Some people are very tall, but that's just a small fraction of the total group.

If you have a glass of water sitting out on a table, the water balls don't just stay as a liquid. Some of these balls have enough thermal energy to break away and become free. Free from the liquid stage means the water ball is now a gas-water vapour. Boiling is not needed to get this water vapour. But wait! It works the other way too. Some of the water balls in the gas stage can interact with the liquid water and join the liquid water balls.

Water in a closed container will eventually reach an equilibrium state between water vapour and liquid water. At this equilibrium state the rate that water balls are freed from the liquid state are the same as the rate of water balls entering the liquid state. The pressure of this water gas in equi- librium is called the vapour pres- sure. You can see evidence of this water vapour in a closed container by looking at the water that condenses on the walls.

Boiling Water

Here is what water looks like when you get it to 100°C in slow motion. Yes, I know you have seen this before. But it's still cool.

What are the bubbles in the boiling water made of? Are the bubbles made of air? What about some hydrogen and some oxygen? No. The bubbles are water vapour-they are small pockets of water in the gas phase. I mean, they could not be air. Where would this air come from? The only option is that the bubbles are made of water vapour.

So, what is happening to make these boiling bubbles of water vapour? It's all about temperature and vapour pressure. As the temperature of the water increases, the average speed of the water particles also increases. At some point, water molecules have enough energy to push back other water molecules in the liquid phase to form a bubble. But you have to have the water hot enough so that the particles are moving fast enough.

But wait! It is also about the vapour pressure. In order to keep the bubble from collapsing, the pressure inside the bubble must be equal to the pressure outside the bubble. Inside the bubble is the vapour pressure and outside is the water pressure. This means that for water to boil, the temperature must increase until the vapour pressure is equal to the outside pressure and a bubble can form.

What about that external pressure? That depends on two things. First. the water itself. In order for the water not to collapse, the deeper water must have a higher pressure. So, the water pressure depends on the depth, the density of water and the gravitational field. For a typical glass of water, the pressure at two centimetres below the surface is only a 0.2 percent increase over the atmospheric pressure.

And that is the second thing that contributes to the total pressure the atmosphere. The atmosphere also pushes down on the surface of the liquid to increase the pressure in the liquid.

Lower Pressure

What if I decreased the atmospheric pressure pushing on some liquid water? This would reduce the pressure in the liquid also. If I reduce this pressure enough. I can bring it down to the same level as the vapour pressure. Boom. Now the water particles have enough energy to form their tiny little boiling bubbles-without the need to increase the temperature.

I can even get water to boil at room temperature. Yes, you need a vacuum pump and a strong container to get this to work-but you can do it.

Notice that I hold onto the boiling water flask just to prove that it's not hot. Trust me. Oh wait. You don't have to trust me. You can do this on your own. You just need one of these large plastic syringes. Get the syringe and put some water in it with very little air. Now seal up the end and heat up the water just a little bit. Here you can see my version.

I used hot glue and a rubber stopper (along with a Lego piece) to seal the hole. The syringe was then heated to about 42°C (a little over 100°F).

Now I can pull the plunger out to decrease the pressure in the liquid and induce boiling. It is pretty tough to pull the plunger back to decrease the pressure-but you can do it. Oh, why heat the water up? Well, I cannot get a perfect vacuum by pulling the plunger, so I need a little boiling help by starting the water at a higher temperature.
This is exactly what's going on when you cook your rice at high altitude, Well, not exactly the same there is not a human pulling back on a giant plunger that holds the air on Earth. The Earth's gravitational field does that for you.

                                                                                                                        - Rhett Allain

A. Find the words from the text that have the following meanings:

a. Altitude – the height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level.

b. Molecule – a group of atoms bonded together.

c. Equilibrium – a state in which opposing forces are balanced.

d. Condense – to change from a gas or vapor to a liquid.

e. Factoid – a piece of unreliable information that is repeated so often that it is accepted as a fact.

f. Vacuum – a space or container from which the air has been removed.

g. Plunger – a device used to remove blockages from the drain of a basin or tub.

 

B. Complete the sentences with correct words or phrases:

a. Water bubbles break down if vapour pressure inside and outside the bubbles is equal.

b. As the altitude goes up, the boiling point of water decreases.

c. Random motion of molecules or particles is called thermal motion.

d. If the door does not open, try jiggling the key in the lock.

e. Certain chemicals induce nervous system undesirable changes.

 

C. Answer these questions.

a What is the speed of the water particles compared with?

The speed of water particles is compared to the varying heights of adults in a group.

b. How are bubbles formed in the boiling water?

Bubbles form when water molecules gain enough energy to create vapor pockets that match external pressure.

c. Mention two things on which external pressure depends.

External pressure depends on water depth and atmospheric pressure.

d. How is the atmosphere related to the pressure of water?

The atmosphere increases the pressure on the water’s surface, affecting its boiling point.

e. What would happen if the atmospheric pressure on the liquid water was decreased?

Decreasing atmospheric pressure causes water to boil at a lower temperature

f. What would the experimenter gain if she pulled the plunger out?

Pulling the plunger reduces pressure, making water boil at a lower temperature.

 

Grammar I

A. Match the clauses in column A with their appropriate continuation in column B 

a. If you go to Taplejung – iii. you can see the Pathibhara temple. 

b. You will get well soon – i. if you follow the doctor's advice. 

c. The horse won't kick you – ii. unless you go behind it. 

d. If I were you – vi. I would see a doctor. 

e. What happens – iv. if you heat water? 

f. I would miss the bus – v. if I did not reach the bus stop on time. 

g. Provided that they discussed properly – viii. the problem might be solved. 

h. As long as they communicate well – vii. they won't have any misunderstanding.

 

B. Complete the following sentences using the correct form of verbs in brackets 

a. If it is cold, I will wear (wear) a coat. 

b. If Purna helps with the housework, his mother will have (have) more time for him. 

c. If I were a bird, I would make (make) a good observation of the land below. 

d. If I went (go) to Mustang, I would visit Muktinath. 

e. If I were (be) a billionaire, I would buy a castle. 

f. You'd save petrol if you drove (drive) more carefully. 

g. Say 'hello' if you see (see) her. 

h. Provided that you leave next week with consent (consent), I will take a few days. 

i. Take care of the pence, the pounds themselves will take (take) care. 

 

 

The Voice of the Rain

And who art thou? said 1 to the soft-falling shower.

Which, strange to tell, gave me an answer, as here translated:

I am the Poem of Earth, said the voice of the rain,

Eternal I rise impalpable out of the land and the bottomless sea.

Upward to heaven, whence, vaguely form'd. altogether changed, and

yet the same.

I descend to lave the droughts, atomies, dust-layers of the globe.

And all that in them without me were seeds only, latent, unborn:

And forever, by day and night. I give back life to my own origin.

and make pure and beautify it:
(For song, issuing from its birth-place, after fulfilment, wandering.

Reck'd or unreck'd, duly with love returns.)
                                                -Walt Whitman

A. Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B.
Column A                                          Column B
a eternal
i. come down
b. impalpable
ii. unclearly
c. vaguely
iii. indivisible particles
d. descend
iv. take care of
e. lave
v. not easily understood
f. atomies
vi. to pour out as water
greck
vii. never-ending

B. Fill in the blanks choosing the words given below..
impalpable
recks
drought
beautify
latent
globe

a The river ran dry during the………….
b. It is still…….. to understand how the earth originated.
d. His greatest ambition is to sail around the….
c. The company produces a wide variety of make up and skin care products designed to gently and effectively …human skin.
Without training, his musical talent remained...........
1. What.. it whether they win or lose?

C. Complete the summary of the poem using suitable words or phrases given below.
quenches
rhythm
mysterious
heal
atomies
condensation
ascends
showers
originality

The poem is a conversation between the poet and the rain. When the poet asks the identity of the drizzle, she replies that she is the poem of the Earth. The rain expresses that it gives happiness to mother Earth.

The rain is a perpetual process which has different forms at different times. It rises from the land as water vapour and.......... high up to the sky. It takes the form of clouds. Though it changes its form or shape, its remains unchanged. It shows that nature is not fully understood. Some parts of it always remain

The raindrops pour down from above to wash away.......... and dust layers. It... the thirst of the dry Earth and heals everything that is becoming lifeless. In other words, the......... make the Earth pure and beautiful.

Finally, the poet observes that the life of rain is similar to that of a song. A song also has a power to calm....... transform and thrill. In the same way, repeated evaporation and purifies the rain. It beautifies the whole earth as a does to a poem or a music,

D. Answer the following questions.
What are the two voices in the poem? Who do they belong to?
b. How is the cyclic movement of the rain shown in the poem?
Why are the showers necessary for the Earth?
d. How are the rain and music similar?
e How are the clouds formed?
1. List the pairs of opposite words in the poem.

 

A. Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B.

a. eternal – vii. never-ending 

b. impalpable – v. not easily understood 

c. vaguely – ii. unclearly 

d. descend – i. come down 

e. lave – vi. to pour out as water 

f. atomies – iii. indivisible particles 

g. reck –iv. take care of 

 

B. Fill in the blanks:

a. The river ran dry during the drought. 

b. It is still impalpable to understand how the earth originated. 

c. The company produces a wide variety of makeup and skin care products designed to gently and effectively beautify human skin. 

d. His greatest ambition is to sail around the globe. 

e. Without training, his musical talent remained latent. 

f. What recks it whether they win or lose?

 

C. Complete the summary of the poem:

The poem is a conversation between the poet and the rain. When the poet asks the identity of the drizzle, she replies that she is the poem of the Earth. The rain expresses that it gives happiness to mother Earth.

 

The rain is a perpetual process which has different forms at different times. It rises from the land as water vapour and ascends high up to the sky. It takes the form of clouds. Though it changes its originality remains unchanged. It shows that nature is not fully understood. Some parts of it always remain mysterious.

 

The raindrops pour down from above to wash away atomies and dust layers. It quenches the thirst of the dry Earth and heals everything that is becoming lifeless. In other words, the showers make the Earth pure and beautiful.

 

Finally, the poet observes that the life of rain is similar to that of a song. A song also has a power to calm, heal, transform, and thrill. In the same way, repeated evaporation and condensation purifies the rain. It beautifies the whole Earth as a rhythm does to a poem or music.

 

 D. Answer the following questions:

a. What are the two voices in the poem? Who do they belong to? 

The two voices are the poet's voice and the voice of the rain, symbolizing a conversation between the poet and the rain.

 

b. How is the cyclic movement of the rain shown in the poem? 

The cyclic movement of the rain is shown through its process of rising as vapor from the Earth, forming clouds, and then falling back as rain to nourish the Earth.

 

c. Why are the showers necessary for the Earth? 

The showers are necessary for the Earth because they wash away dust, quench the thirst of the land, and help in giving life to seeds and plants.

 

d. How are the rain and music similar? 

Rain and music are similar because both follow a rhythmic, cyclical pattern and bring beauty, calm, and transformation to the Earth and people.

 

e. How are the clouds formed? 

Clouds are formed when water vapor rises from the land and sea and condenses in the atmosphere, changing into cloud formations.

 

f. List the pairs of opposite words in the poem. 

- rise and descend 

- day and night 

- reck's and unreck'd

- rain and draught

 

Grammar

A. Complete the following sentences using the correct form of verbs in brackets.

a. If Gaurab were the captain, the team would play better. 

b. I would have called you had I known you were in Nepal. 

c. If he had not come to Nepal, he would not have seen Mt. Everest. 

d. Had you arrived a bit earlier, you would have seen Manashi. 

e. We could slow down global warming if we reduced energy consumption. 

f. If he were to see me, he would know me at once. 

g. Were Rijisa in the USA, she would be working for a company. 

h. How would you feel if someone asked you for an autograph? 

i. What would you have done if Keshab had proposed to you for marriage? 

j. If I had a life jacket, I could certainly swim across the river. 

 

B. Complete the following sentences with appropriate clauses.

a. If you don't leave soon, you will miss the bus. 

b. If it rains in winter, we will need umbrellas and coats. 

c. You won’t get into trouble as long as you tell the truth. 

d. A country cannot develop unless its people work together. 

e. What would you do if they insult you?

 

 

6. Food and Cuisine

Strange Food from Around the World

There's nothing like the feeling of challenging yourself and winning, of taking a risk and having it succeed. That goes with so many things, and one of them is food.

You have to challenge yourself with food when you travel. You have to take chances on things you wouldn't normally even think of eating. This is what it's all about, experiencing the way other people do things, trusting that they know what they are doing. The food stuff that seems so strange to you is actually so delicious to many others. It doesn't always work out. Sometimes the fermented horse milk in Mongolia that sounds so bad really is so bad. However, if you take a chance on the following dishes, you won't be disappointed.

Haggis, Scotland

Oddly enough, when you take all of the parts of a sheep that no one else wants the heart. the liver and the lungs-grind it up. And, mix it with mutton fat, oatmeal and spices. Then pack it in a sheep's stomach and boil it for a few hours. It tastes... really good. Scotland isn't exactly known for its cooking and eat ing skills, but give me "haggis, neeps and tats" (haggis with turnips and potatoes) any day of the week.

Shiokara, Japan

Most Japanese food is simple: it sounds delicious, and it is delicious. But how about raw squid mixed with salty, fermented squid belly? This is shiokara, a Japanese staple, and one lused to hate. However. I'm slowly coming around. Once you get used to it and you have it with good. conversation, this food takes on a whole new beauty.

Jellyfish, China

This dish can appear challenging to those of us who only associate jellyfish with the scary nature of some species of them. There's also a rubbery texture to jellyfish that some find a little challenging. However, the Chinese know what they're doing with these things. They mix jellyfish into salads, pair it with chicken, stir it through sesame oil... it's all tasty, and it's all low-fat.

Green ants. Australia

You can keep your witchetty foods, as far as I'm concerned: too soft, too many guts. If I'm going for bush food, it's definitely green ants, little insects that are pulled from trees, lightly crushed between your hands, and then eaten. They're lemony. peppery, and delicious. Local producers are even putting them on top of goat's cheeses now, with lemon myrtle, for extra energy. Seriously good.

Crickets, Thailand

You hear, occasionally, that insects are the protein source of the future, and to that I say: no problem. In northern Thailand, deep-fried crickets are a staple, and they're delicious. They're nutty and crunchy, perfect with salt. I still struggle, however, with the larger insects. Anything that requires more than one bite is a bridge too far for this guy.

Snails, France

Snails aren't unusual you'll find them on the menu at most French restaurants, even in Australia. However, some people are still nervous about eating garden snails, even though they needn't be. Fried up with plenty of garlic and butter. snail is yumany. Snails, in fact, are eaten in many countries, particularly Vietnam, where fried snails are a very tasty staple dish.

Bun rien, Vietnam

Everything about bun rieu, a traditional Vietnamese soup, sounds good; well, almost everything. It's a crab-based soup mixed with noodles. So far, so delicious, It's then topped with roasted tomatoes, crab meat, stewed pork, lime juice, chilli, fresh herbs. banana flower and bean sprouts. Also, extremely good. Then, however, you drop in a large piece of congealed pig's blood, which is a serious challenge for the unsuspecting diner. My advice: give it a try. You won't regret it.

 

Ben Groundwater Adapted from Attipas traveller.com.au

A. Match the words in Column A with their meanings in Column B.

a. ferment - ii. to go through a chemical change 

b. squid - iii. a sea creature that has a long soft body, eight arms, and two tentacles around its mouth 

c. witchetty - i. a large whitish wood-eating larva of a beetle or moth 

d. myrtle - vi. a bush with shiny leaves, pink or white flowers, and blue-black berries 

e. congeal - iv. to change from a fluid to a solid state 

f. nutty - v. having a flavor like that of nuts 

 

B. Match the following idioms with their meanings.

a. get out of hand - iv. to become difficult to control 

b. miss the boat - v. to be too late to get what you want 

c. break the ice - i. to say or do something to make people feel comfortable 

d. cry over spilt milk - iii. to worry over past events which cannot be changed 

e. look before you leap - ii. to think about the possible bad results of an action before doing it 

 

C. Complete the sentences below with the correct information from the text (in not more than four words).

a. Sometimes even having a food can give us the feeling of winning when it is like taking a risk. 

b. When we travel, we have the chance to try strange dishes which we even do not think of eating. 

c. The writer became disappointed while having fermented horse milk which was really bad. 

d. The writer's impression of Japanese food is favourable. 

e. Many people think Chinese jellyfish as scary ones which Chinese turns into food. 

f. Snails become very tasty when they are fried with garlic and butter. 

 

D. Answer the following questions.

a. Why does food become a challenge for people when they travel?

Food becomes a challenge for people when they travel because they encounter dishes they wouldn't normally think of eating, requiring them to take risks with unfamiliar tastes. 

b. How is haggis prepared?

Haggis is prepared by grinding the heart, liver, and lungs of a sheep, mixing it with mutton fat, oatmeal, and spices, then packing it in a sheep's stomach and boiling it. 

c. When do you feel that you like shiokara?

You begin to feel that you like shiokara once you get used to it and have it with good conversation. 

d. Where can people enjoy the bush food?

People can enjoy bush food like green ants in Australia. 

e. Why does the writer find it difficult to eat larger insects?

The writer finds it difficult to eat larger insects because they require more than one bite, which is hard to handle. 

f. Name the country where snails are served as the main dish.

Snails are served as a main dish in France. 

g. What kind of food is bun rieu?

Bun rieu is a traditional Vietnamese crab-based soup, served with noodles and topped with various ingredients like roasted tomatoes, herbs, and sometimes congealed pig's blood. 

h. If you have to choose one of the foods from the list above. which one do you choose? Why?

If I had to choose one of the foods from the list, I would choose snails, because they are commonly served with delicious garlic and butter, which makes them flavorful and appetizing.

 

Grammar I

A. Match the sentence halves.

a. I bought a raincoat and an umbrella = iii. as the monsoon started. 

b. I won't be able to get to school on time = ix. as I'm stuck in traffic. 

c. The Nepali cricket team is likely to perform well in this tournament = vi. because they have got the best coach ever. 

d. The construction company has deployed more workers at the site = iv. so that they can complete the construction in time. 

e. We've decided not to go on holiday this year = i. in order to utilize the time for planting paddy. 

f. The metropolitan city has planted trees at the side of the road = viii. to reduce traffic noise. 

g. The flight had been delayed = vii. because of the bad weather. 

h. We've put a table and chair in the spare bedroom = x. so that Samip can get to study in private. 

i. Nisha went to visit her sister = ii. since she didn't have to go to her office yesterday. 

j. We had to queue for two hour= v. since the movie was hit.

 

B. Complete the text choosing the correct connective.

The people at the fair were leaving because the lights were going out. The last two people in dodgem cars also left as it was getting dark. The big wheel stopped and the merry-go-round had already stopped. The stalls closed down and the stall-owners went home. At 2 a.m., four night watchmen walked around the funfair to see if there was anyone to be seen. "I'm fed up walking around," one of them said. "What can we do as there is nothing we can do?" "We can sit and talk." They were bored because there was nothing to do on that quiet warm night. "We can have a ride on the merry-go-round!" one of them cried. "That'll be fun!" Three of them jumped on merry-go-round horses, so the fourth started the motor. Then he jumped on too, and round they went. They were having the time of their lives. Suddenly they realized there was no one to stop the machine because all of them were on it. They weren't rescued till morning, so they felt very sick indeed!

You Inspire Others by Learning, not by Teaching

Nepali chef Santosh Shah is now shortlisted in the semis for the title of Mas terChef: The Professionals 2020 on BBC One. Nepali Times caught up with Santosh Shah in London to talk about his life and career so far.

 
From Siraha to Cinnamon Kitchen: Quite a journey. How did it begin? I come from a very humble background. My father passed away when I was five years old. I started to work when I was around. 9-10. engaging in petty trade. After I failed SLC, I followed what others in my village did go to India.

 

I used to wash the skewer of a chef who worked in the tandoor section. I told him that I wanted to be a chef as well, and wanted to help him. He advised me to talk to the Executive Chef. One day, when I was serving tea to the Executive Chef, I requested him to give me a shot, and he did. I started helping the chef in the tandoor section who had originally recommended me.

 

From there I transferred to another hotel. I started taking a hotel management course, learnt English and computers on the side. Within seven years of hard work. I became an executive chef. How does it feel to be in MasterChef? What has the experience been like?

 

In many ways, it feels the same. I am the same person experimenting with recipes and enjoying my job to the fullest. It also feels great to have the platform to introduce Nepali food to the world. I am glad to have made it this far. Even if I don't win. I am glad I was able to put the spotlight on Nepali cuisine.

It is difficult to say what "Nepali cuisine is, as it is so diverse. How do you answer that when your international audience ask you the question?

I have been experimenting with Nepali food for the last two years. Our food, especially along our borders are influenced by Tibetan and Indian cuisine, but that is not the entirety of our diverse dishes. That is what I want the world to know. There is no yomari, choila, kachila, tama, gundruk outside Nepal. Our food is unique and diverse and varies by castes or geography, we have different techniques and ingredients.

Personally, what are the best aspects of Nepali cuisine for you? How much do you experiment, or do you try to keep to traditional ingredients and preparations?

Let me share an example. I know sukuti is a familiar, nostalgic food and I am fond of sukuti dishes. But to outsiders unfamiliar with the texture, the hardness of the meat may not be palatable. So, I experiment with it and try to dehydrate it for different periods time to soften it while making sure the original taste is not lost. Food trends are dynamic. The Indian food trend has been there for long while in the last few years, I have seen an increase in the trend for Sri Lankan food. These come in waves, and I want a trend for Nepali food as well, beyond just momo and dal-bhat, so people actively seek out Nepali food and appreciate it for its diversity and richness.

In one of your shows you prepared an octopus dish in Nepali style. How did it go?
We need to understand that this is a global competition for a global audience. When I was working in an Indian kitchen. I had experimented with octopus recipes with Indian flavor. Having made that a few hundred times, I had the urge and confidence to try it with Nepali ingredients and it worked great. So. I went with it in the show. It was described by the judges as. "The most beautiful plate of food I have ever been served in Masterc Chef."

 

What advice do you have for other Nepalese who are also going abroad to make a future for themselves?

My advice to young Nepalese is to never stop learning, you are never too old to learn new things and to improve your craft. Asking what is next is important. Keep learning and be a positive force to others. You inspire others by learning, not by teaching.

So, what is next?

I am now set to start a high-end fine dining Nepali restaurant in London. The tentative name is Ayla' by Santosh Shah. I am hopeful that this will help create a separate identity for Nepali cuisine.

My ultimate goal is the Michelin Star for Ayla, which is the Oscar equivalent for Chefs. That would further help elevate the profile of Nepali cuisine globally.

(Adapted from Nepali Times)

              
A. Complete the crossword puzzle with the help of the meanings given below.
ACROSS
3. Tandoori – a method of cooking meat or other food in a cylindrical clay oven 

7. Executive – a person having administrative or supervisory power in an organization 

 

Down 

1. Skewer – a long pin for holding meat or other food while it is being roasted 

2. Entirety – the whole of something 

4. Nostalgia – a feeling of pleasure and sometimes slight sadness as you think about things in the past 

5. Elevate – raise to a more important or impressive level 

6. Dehydrate – remove water from (food) in order to preserve and store it 

 

B. True/False/NG

a. The interview was taken in Nepal. – False 

b. The judges were quite impressed by Santosh Shah's performance in the quarter-finals. – NG

c. Santosh Shah was from a well-to-do family. – False 

d. With the support of the chef in the tandoor section, Santosh started helping the Executive Chef. – False 

e. The journey of Santosh to MasterChef was full of struggles. – NG

f. Santosh is hopeful about the Nepali food market as the food trends are dynamic. – True 

g. Santosh has made more experiments on food as the tastes of people differ geographically. – False 

h. Santosh feels sorry for serving octopus in Nepali style. – False

 

C. Answer the Questions

a. What do you think is the reason that heightened the popularity of Chef Shah? 

Chef Shah's ability to experiment with traditional Nepali dishes using international techniques and ingredients, as well as his performance in the global platform of MasterChef, has greatly contributed to his popularity.

b. Did Shah spend a normal childhood? Why? 

No, Shah did not spend a normal childhood because his father passed away when he was young, and he started working at the age of 9 or 10 to support himself.

c. How does Shah feel about his performance in Cinnamon Kitchen? 

Shah feels proud and content with his performance at Cinnamon Kitchen, as he enjoyed experimenting with recipes and being able to represent Nepali food.

d. What does Shah want to show the world about Nepali food? 

Shah wants to show the world that Nepali cuisine is unique and diverse, with distinct dishes like yomari, choila, and gundruk, which are not commonly found outside Nepal.

e. Write two things that Chef Shah was careful about while carrying an experiment on sukuti. 

Chef Shah was careful about softening the texture of sukuti to make it more palatable for outsiders while ensuring that the original taste was not lost.

f. According to Shah, what two things make a person successful? 

According to Shah, continuous learning and inspiring others through learning are the keys to success.

g. Why does Shah want the Michelin Star for Ayla? 

Shah wants the Michelin Star for Ayla to further elevate the profile of Nepali cuisine on a global scale, helping it gain recognition and appreciation.

h. What have you learned from the life story of Santosh Shah? 

From Santosh Shah’s story, I have learned the importance of perseverance, hard work, continuous learning, and staying true to your roots while adapting to new environments.

 

Grammar II

A. Choose the correct time expressions.

a. The boys are playing cricket now. 

b. The doctors are preparing a report for their most important patient this week. 

c. The students are preparing for a test at the moment. 

d. Currently, the economists are working on the country's financial crisis. 

e. Susan is playing tennis with Tim now. 

f. What are you doing this afternoon? 

g. My teacher is helping us with the Maths problem this morning. 

h. The guard is ringing the bell now. It's time to go! 

i. She is still mowing the lawn. 

 

B. NOW/AROUND/FUTURE for Present Continuous.

a. The local governments are announcing their policies this month. – AROUND 

b. I think Mr. Rai is taking class at the moment. – NOW 

c. We're meeting with Nahina later today. – FUTURE 

d. I'm looking for a new job currently. – AROUND 

e. We're organizing a programme on Wednesday. – FUTURE 

f. They are coming home right now. – NOW 

g. Mom is making dinner for us tonight. – FUTURE 

h. I'm sorry I don't have time. I'm attending a meeting now. – NOW 

i. She's looking for a new home as she's sold the old one. – AROUND 

 

 C. Complete the Text

Why is Neelam smiling? It sounds like an easy question: she is having a good time with friends and she feels good after a good shot. But psychologists often argue about this question. Some believe that smiling is an individual act: we smile because we feel happy unless we are trying to hide our emotions. Others claim that we smile to build social relationships. Some animals use a grin to show that they won't fight, for example. Perhaps our smile serves the same function. So, who's right? In one study, researchers filmed people bowling. If you watch people doing a very social activity like this, it looks as if they always smile. They stop smiling only when they are concentrating on their next shot. But when do they start smiling again? After each good shot, the researchers took photographs to identify when the smile starts while the player is still looking down the alley or a few seconds later when they turn around to share their happiness with the group.

 

 

 

7. Cyber Security

Parents

Dad! I'm going to meet my facebook friend."

"When?" I asked.

"Now."
"I'm coming with you."

"No, I'm going alone."

"Look. Anuja..."

"You are obsessed dad. Nothing is going to happen to me."

Anuja, my daughter is only 13. She spends most of her time on computer chatting with her friends and sending messages. She has many e-friends. A couple of days ago she told me about her new e-friend. She is 12 and Anuja is very fond of her. And now she is going to meet her. I warned her about bad people who fake themselves as teenager, chat with girls like her and seek opportunities to take advantage of innocent girls. But she doesn't listen to me. She thinks I am an old man who is overprotective of his daughter, a man who sees ghosts in every dark corner.

"Look, honey. I'm not saying you can't meet your friend. All I'm saying is let me come with you. I will not get out of the car first and if I see a girl of 12 waiting. I'll do some window shopping and you can go and meet her. But if there is no girl, we will wait for 10 minutes and then come back. OK?"

"This is ridiculous." She stamped her feet.

"Why? Is it because I'm 60 years old? Or is it because I've a big belly? Or because there is no hair on my head that you're ashamed of going out with me?" I tried to joke.

"Oh Dad, you're impossible."

"You look like a boy in your new outfit." On the way, I commented on her dress.
"Dad! I think I must tell you something."

"I'm listening."

"I'm not a girl... I mean I'm not a girl for the girl... I mean the friend I am going to meet."
"You lost me."

"Sorry. What I want to tell you is that I chatted with her as a boy." "You mean you pretended to be a boy to this girl?" I stared at her and the car swerved a little which I controlled. "Yes, she knows me as a boy."

"God!" I tried to digest this new information. When we reached the place, I got out of the car and walked around. There was no girl in sight. Some hundred meters away, a car with dark windows was parked on the other side of the road. On the nearby playground. some boys were playing cricket and a couple of cows were munching dried hay. I looked at my watch and started pacing up and down the road. I looked at the car and started walking again. The car started and sped away. I again consulted my watch. Ten minutes up: no sign of any girl. I walked to my car, got into it and said. "You see, I was right. There is no one here. The girl you chatted on the internet must have been fake."

Next day, at lunch time I retold the whole event to my colleague, Dhurva. "So you think that some bad guy was trying to approach
your daughter?" He smiled. "Why are you laughing?" "Let me tell you why the girl friend of your daughter didn't appear at the meeting place. It was because her mother came with her in a car before you reached there. The mother was watching if there was really a boy of 13. But all she could see was an old man with a big stomach and a bald head lurking around the meeting place. So she didn't let her daughter get out of the car. She just drove the car back home."

"You mean... You mean she saw me and... I stammered.

"Yes, she saw you. Do you know what she said about you?" He

laughed. "She said that she saw a locherous old man with an evil

leer on his face"

(Adapted from: Vishnu Singh Rai's Martyr and other Stories)

A. Choose the words/phrases given below and write against the correct definitions.
a. remaining hidden so as to wait for somebody secretly  Lurking

b. preoccupied with something continually to a troubling extent  Obsessed

c. the act of looking at goods displayed in shop windows without intending to buy them  Window shopping  

d. bringing down one's feet heavily down on the ground  Stamp

e. deserving or inviting disapproval; absurd  Ridiculous  

f. a set of clothes worn for a particular occasion or activity  Outfit

g. to turn aside abruptly from a straight line or course  Swerve

h. eating something hard, steadily, and noisily  Munching  

i. look or gaze in an unpleasant and offensive way  Leer  

j. speaking with difficulty, repeating sounds or words and often stopping  Stammer  

 

B. Rewrite the following sentences in a chronological order.
a. Her father accompanied her to meet the friend.
b. They saw a car on the other side of the road..
c. Anuja told father that she wanted to see her new friend.
d. She revealed of her secret e-identity with her father.
e. She told her father about her new e-friend.
f. Anuja's father shared the incident with his friend.
g. He observed that Anuja was looking like a boy in her new dress.
h. They waited for Anuja's friend for ten minutes.
Answer:

1. Anuja told her father that she wanted to see her new friend.

2. She told her father about her new e-friend.

3. Her father accompanied her to meet the friend.

4. He observed that Anuja was looking like a boy in her new dress.

5. She revealed her secret e-identity to her father.

6. They saw a car on the other side of the road.

7. They waited for Anuja's friend for ten minutes.

8. Anuja's father shared the incident with his friend.

C. Read the story again and answer these questions.
a. Why do you think Anuja was unwilling to take her father along with her to meet her new friend? 

Anuja probably felt embarrassed and thought her father was overprotective and old-fashioned. She didn’t want him to intervene or spoil her secret meeting, especially since she had been pretending to be someone else online.

b. How does she criticize her father? 

Anuja criticizes her father by calling him "obsessed" and implying that he is overly paranoid and protective. She also finds his jokes about his appearance annoying, indicating she feels frustrated by his presence.

c. Describe Anuja's e-friend. 

Anuja’s e-friend is supposedly a 12-year-old girl she met online, but her father suspects this friend might not be real. Anuja chatted with her while pretending to be a boy.

d. What did Anuja’s father propose to go with her? 

Anuja’s father proposed to accompany her to the meeting place but promised to stay in the car and not approach, only observing from a distance to ensure her safety.

e. What was the shocking news for her father? 

The shocking news for her father was that Anuja had been pretending to be a boy while chatting with her online friend, which was something he hadn't expected.

f. Why did they return without meeting Anuja's friend? 

They returned without meeting Anuja's friend because no one showed up at the meeting place. Anuja’s father believed the online friend was fake.

g. How did the girl's mother see Anuja’s father? Why didn’t they meet? 

The girl's mother saw Anuja’s father as a suspicious, lecherous old man with a big stomach and a bald head, which made her wary. She decided not to let her daughter meet him, leading them to leave the place.

h. Why do you think Dhurva laughed at the story of Anuja’s father? 

Dhurva laughed because the misunderstanding created a humorous situation. The girl's mother misunderstood Anuja’s father, thinking he was a threat, while he was just trying to protect his daughter.

 

Grammar:

a. Every child must take good care of their aging parents.

b. If you want to lose weight, you ought to exercise regularly.

c. A: Someone picked my pocket. 

   B: You must inform the police about it.

d. A: How was the movie? 

   B: It was great. You should go and see it.

e. We must not disrespect our nation at any cost.

f. You look ill. You should see a doctor.

g. In order to maintain healthy habits, we ought to go to bed early and get up early in the morning.

h. You must not offend people with your harsh words.

i. We must learn to apologize to people to build trust and cooperation.

j. If you find someone's goods, you should try to return them to the respective person.

Cyber Security: Basic Internet Safety Tips

When you want to make your home secure, you lock the door. When you want to prevent your bike from being stolen, you use a bike lock. When you want to protect your valuable possessions, you keep them in a safe. But what do you do to protect your identity online?

Modern life is fundamentally intertwined with the internet. Nearly every daily task now has the opportunity for online integration, and almost everyone owns multiple devices, including laptops, phones, tablets, smart watches. Smart TVs and many more. The more accounts and devices you have online, the greater the potential is for criminals to access your personal information and take advantage of you.

Online safety is important no matter your age or life stage, but there are particular concerns for certain vulnerable groups like children. Teenagers and senior citizens. When it comes to internet safety, it's best to start with the basics. Here are some tips to guide you as you evaluate your online habits and make small changes to ensure your privacy and security on the internet.

A
While creating a new password, pay attention to strong password requirements. Use different user IDs or password combinations for different accounts. Make the password more complicated by combining letters, numbers, and special characters and create hard-to-guess passwords and keep them private. Change your passwords quite often. Don't share your passwords with other people. Make sure passwords and password hints are stored securely. Record passwords in an encrypted file on your computer, or select another secure password storage method. Avoid writing then down. Prevent "auto-login", uncheck "Keep me signed in" and "Remember my password" options.

B
It's important to protect your personal information offline too because once sensitive information is stolen, it can be proliferated online. Remember tips like shielding the personal identification number (PIN) pad when you make purchases and learning how to spot a credit card skimmer at gas pumps. Using a chip debit card is another way to protect your financial information. The more sophisticated chip technology is just one reason why the chip card is more secure than the traditional magnetic strip debit card. When you sign up for something online, always read the terms and conditions. Never enter your financial information on a website that is not secure.

C
Utilize passwords and other security options like fingerprint readers and face scanning technology. One report stated that 30% of smartphone users did not use passwords, screen locks or other security features to lock their phones. Secure all devices, including computers, phones, tablets and devices like smart watches and smart TVs.

D
Promptly install software updates, especially when they include important security upgrades. Set up automatic updates on your devices so you never miss one!

E
Do not trust public wifi security. Avoid connecting to unsecured public wifi networks. Surf only through secure websites, Logout immediately after you have completed your online transaction. Read privacy and policy statements before any transaction. Check your account statement to ensure that authorized transaction has taken place. Make sure your own wifi networks are protected with strong passwords. Change your wifi password frequently with hard-to-guess characters.

F
Enable two-factor authentication in order to prevent hackers from accessing your personal accounts and information. Add the extra layer of security to keep your accounts safe even if someone knows your password.

G
Do not reveal details about your online account. Be careful while communicating with people you have met online recently. Accept people's friend requests in social media only if you know them in person. Delete inappropriate messages from your profile. Do not post information about your friends as you put them at risk. Remember that what you post online is not necessarily private: it can be seen by everyone.

H
Back up important personal information on external hard drives. Create new back-ups regularly. By educating yourself about cyber security, you will put yourself one step ahead of the cyber criminals.

A. Match the words given below with their meanings:

a. Possession - v. something that you own or have with you; belongingness 

b. Intertwined - viii. closely connected with somebody or something 

c. Integration - vii. the act of combining two or more things together 

d. Avoid - i. to prevent something bad from happening 

e. Sensitive - ii. quick to detect or respond to slight changes or signals 

f. Proliferated - ix. increased rapidly in number or amount 

g. Shielding - iv. protecting something from danger or harm 

h. Promptly - x. without any delay 

i. Authentication - vi. the act of proving that something is real or true 

j. Transaction - iii. an act of buying or selling; deal 

 

B. State whether the following statements are true or false:

a. It is a good idea to use the same password in different accounts for safety purposes. 

   False

b. Teenagers are more vulnerable than any other age groups regarding internet safety. 

   False

c. It is not safe to let the computer remember our passwords. 

   True

d. A chip debit card is safer than a traditional magnetic strip debit card. 

   False

e. It is not safe to enable auto-updates of software on our devices. 

   False

f. We should never enter our financial details on websites. 

   True

 

C. Read the following paragraph headings and write the correct paragraph name (A-H) against them:

a. Keep your Personal Data Safe -             B 

b. Keep Personal Information Private - G 

c. Set up Two-factor Authentication - F 

d. Make Sure your Devices are Secure - C 

e. Be Careful about WiFi - E 

f. Pay Attention to Software Updates - D 

g. Back up your Personal Data - H 

h. Protect your Personal Information with Strong Passwords - A

 

D. Answer these questions:

a. How do we try to protect our physical property? 

   We protect our physical property by locking doors, using bike locks, and keeping valuable possessions in safes.

b. What should we do to keep our passwords secret? 

   We should create complex passwords using letters, numbers, and special characters, avoid sharing them, change them regularly, and store them securely (e.g., in an encrypted file).

c. Mention any two safety measures for shopping with debit cards. 

   1. Use a chip debit card instead of a magnetic strip card. 

   2. Shield the PIN pad when entering your PIN and check for card skimmers at gas pumps.

d. How can we secure our accounts even when someone finds our password? 

   We can secure our accounts by enabling two-factor authentication, which adds an extra layer of security.

e. Why do you think we should make online friends only with familiar people?     We should make online friends only with familiar people to avoid communicating with strangers who may have malicious intentions and to protect our personal information.

f. What can we do to keep our online data safe? 

   To keep our online data safe, we can back up important information on external hard drives, use strong passwords, enable two-factor authentication, and ensure that our devices are secure and updated regularly.

 

Grammar:

A. Complete the sentences below with articles "a" or "an":

a. Doctor: What is your problem? 

   Patient: I have a fever and I feel dizzy.

b. Would you like to be an actor in the future?

c. What a lovely garden you have!

d. We spent half an hour in complete silence.

e. Please keep an eye on our house while we are away.

f. Mr. Napit has brought a ewe to his farm.

g. Ms. Sharma's opinion was criticized as having a one-dimensional perspective.

h. We had to catch an early bus to be here on time.

B. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below with "a," "an," or "the":

a. Could you open the window, please?

b. Did you read the book I gave you last week?

c. All the desks were full. So we had to sit on the floor.

d. Can you play the flute well?

e. You have a lovely house. I am particularly impressed by the living room.

f. The president is elected every five years in Nepal.

g. Do you think that the tourist is from Japan? 

   No, she looks like a European.

h. This is the biggest fish I have ever caught in my life.

i. Bhartmani is known to be a man of action.

 

C. Fill in the blanks with the correct articles. If no article is used, put a cross (X):

a. Mrs. Paudel went to the school to meet her son's teacher.

b. What time did you get X home yesterday?

c. The Netherlands consists of twelve provinces.

d. X Everest is the pride of our country.

e. The Nile is the longest river in Africa.

f. X New Road is a financial hub in Kathmandu.

g. X Aarohan Gurukul Theater was founded in 1982.

h. What did you have for X breakfast this morning?

i. Braille system was developed to help the blind for reading and writing.

j. Do you always play X badminton at school?